Pertanyaan 
Jawaban Kitab Amsal dipenuhi dengan pengajaran-pengajaran yang diberikan oleh Salomo kepada anak-anaknya. Anak-anaknya diperintahkan untuk belajar dari pengajaran ini. Hasil dari penerapan pengetahuan yang telah dipelajari disebut sebagai hikmat. Alkitab berbicara banyak tentang proses pendidikan, dan itu dimulai dengan orang tua dan anak. Perintah Alkitab bagi orang tua adalah mendidik anak-anak mereka di dalam Allah (Ef 6:4). Kata Yunani paideia ( "mendidik") memiliki makna terkait pelatihan, pendidikan, pengajaran dan disiplin. Ketika anak-anak belajar tentang Allah, mereka diberi kesempatan untuk menghormati orang tua mereka dengan bijak. Dasar dari rasa hormat itu adalah dengan adanya proses yang berkelanjutan dari pendidikan dan penerapan apa yang mereka telah pelajari itu. Salomo menyatakan kalau dasar dari semua pengetahuan yang benar adalah “takut akan Allah” (Ams 1:7). Kata "takut" di sini tidak berarti terteror atau ketakutan, melainkan takut dan gentar akan kekudusan dan keagungan Allah sehingga timbul keengganan untuk mengecewakan atau tidak menaati-Nya. Yesus berkata bahwa ketika kita mengetahui kebenaran, maka kebenaran akan memerdekakan kita (Yoh 8:32). Kebebasan dari rasa takut ini ketika seseorang terdidik di dalam Kebenaran. Di surat Roma, Rasul Paulus menggunakan kata "tahu" atau "mengetahui" sebanyak sebelas kali. Apa yang harus kita ketahui? Kita harus mendidik diri kita sendiri di dalam Firman Allah. Ketika kita memperoleh pengetahuan spiritual, maka kita dapat menerapkan pengetahuan itu dalam kehidupan kita. Termasuk untuk menyerahkan diri kita kepada-Nya dan menggunakan pengetahuan tentang kebenaran ini untuk melayani Allah dalam roh dan kebenaran (Rm 6:11-13). Ada pepatah yang mengatakan, "Kita tidak bisa menggunakan apa yang kita tidak tahu." Prinsip ini sama benarnya ketika berbicara mengenai pendidikan yang alkitabiah. Bagaimana caranya mendidik diri kita sendiri dengan cara yang alkitabiah? Dengan membaca, belajar, menghafal, dan merenungkan Firman Allah! Rasul Paulus mengingatkan Timotius: "usahakanlah supaya engkau layak di hadapan Allah" (2 Tim 2:15). Kata Yunani yang diterjemahkan sebagai "berusaha" mempunyai makna “bertekun, bekerja keras, atau bergegas untuk mencurahkan seluruh tenaga.” Oleh karena itu, supaya kita bisa mendidik diri sendiri dengan baik, kita harus sepenuh hati mempelajari Firman Allah dengan penuh ketekunan. Surat Paulus yang kedua kepada Timotius lagi-lagi menegaskan alasan ini. "Segala tulisan yang diilhamkan Allah memang bermanfaat untuk mengajar, untuk menyatakan kesalahan, untuk memperbaiki kelakuan dan untuk mendidik orang dalam kebenaran. Dengan demikian tiap-tiap manusia kepunyaan Allah diperlengkapi untuk setiap perbuatan baik" (2 Tim 3:16-17). Firman Allah menyempurnakan, mendewasakan, dan memperlengkapi kita supaya bisa menjadi hamba-Nya yang terdidik dan setia. Pendidikan yang alkitabiah memperlengkapi orang-percaya sehingga Allah bisa melakukan berbagai pekerjaan yang telah Dia persiapkan sebelumnya bagi mereka (Efe 2:10). Pendidikan yang alkitabiah bisa mengubahkan kita karena akan memperbaharui pikiran kita (Rom 12:2). Proses yang berkelanjutan dari menerapkan pengetahuan berdasarkan pemikiran Kristus, "yang oleh Allah telah menjadi hikmat bagi kita. Ia membenarkan dan menguduskan dan menebus kita" (1 Kor 1:30).English Kembali ke halaman utama dalam Bahasa Indonesia Apa yang Alkitab nyatakan mengenai pendidikan?
[3:22] 1 Full Life : KARENA KITA MENURUTI SEGALA PERINTAH-NYA. Nas : 1Yoh 3:22 Mengapa ada doa yang dijawab dan yang lain tidak? Yohanes menyatakan bahwa kehidupan doa yang efektif berkaitan dengan pengabdian kita terhadap Allah. Menaati, mengasihi, dan menyenangkan Allah (Yoh 8:29; 2Kor 5:9; Ef 5:10; Ibr 13:21) adalah syarat yang sangat diperlukan untuk menerima apa yang kita minta dalam doa (bd. Mazm 50:14-15; Ams 15:29; Yes 59:1-2; Mat 6:15; Mr 11:25; Yak 5:16; lihat art. BERDOA DENGAN EFEKTIF). [29:12] 2 Full Life : KAMU BERSERU ... AKU AKAN MENDENGARKAN. Nas : Yer 29:12-13 Saat yang tepat sering kali tercakup dalam penggenapan janji-janji Allah (bd. acuan Paulus kepada "setelah genap waktunya" dalam Gal 4:4). Allah menggenapi Firman dan janji-janji-Nya baik dalam hubungan dengan kegenapan rencana penebusan-Nya (bd. ayat Yer 29:10) maupun sebagai tanggapan terhadap doa sungguh-sungguh umat-Nya yang setia (bd. Am 5:4-6; lihat cat. --> Dan 9:2; lihat cat. --> Dan 9:5). [atau ref. Dan 9:2,5] Yeremia bernubuat bahwa pada akhir penawanan tujuh puluh tahun, suatu kegenapan waktu yang baru akan terjadi; pada saat itu Allah akan bergerak di tengah kaum sisa yang kudus sehingga mereka akan mencari Dia di dalam doa dengan segenap hati. Lalu, Tuhan akan mendengarkan, menjawab dari sorga, dan menggenapi janji-janji-Nya untuk memulihkan mereka (ayat Yer 29:13-14). Perhatikan dua prinsip:
[7:7] 3 Full Life : MINTALAH ... CARILAH ... KETOKLAH. Nas : Mat 7:7-8 Yesus mendorong kita untuk bertekun di dalam doa. Dalam bahasa Yunani kata kerja ini dalam ayat Mat 7:8 menunjukkan tindakan yang dilakukan terus-menerus. Ini berarti bahwa kita harus terus meminta, mencari, dan mengetok. Meminta mengandung arti kesadaran akan kebutuhan dan kepercayaan bahwa Allah mendengarkan doa kita. Mencari menunjukkan permohonan yang sungguh-sungguh disertai dengan ketaatan pada kehendak Allah. Mengetok menunjukkan adanya ketekunan dalam menghampiri Allah sekalipun Ia tidak menjawab dengan segera. Jaminan Kristus bahwa mereka yang meminta akan menerima apa yang mereka minta itu dilandaskan pada: [7:11] 4 Full Life : BAPAMU ... AKAN MEMBERIKAN YANG BAIK. Nas : Mat 7:11 Kristus menjanjikan bahwa Bapa di sorga tidak akan mengecewakan anak-anak-Nya. Ia bahkan mengasihi kita lebih daripada seorang ayah manusiawi mengasihi anaknya, dan Ia menginginkan agar kita memohon segala kebutuhan kita kepada-Nya, dengan menjanjikan untuk memberikan yang baik kepada kita. Allah ingin memberikan pemecahan bagi semua persoalan kita dan makanan bagi kebutuhan kita sehari-hari. Dan yang terbaik adalah bahwa Ia memberikan Roh Kudus kepada anak-anak-Nya sebagai Penasihat dan Penolong (Luk 11:13; Yoh 14:16-18). [14:13] 5 Full Life : MINTA DALAM NAMA-KU. Nas : Yoh 14:13 Berdoa dalam nama Yesus meliputi setidak-tidaknya dua hal:
[15:7] 6 Full Life : MINTALAH APA SAJA YANG KAMU KEHENDAKI. Nas : Yoh 15:7 Rahasia doa yang terjawab ialah tinggal di dalam Kristus. Makin dekat kita hidup dengan Kristus melalui merenungkan dan mempelajari Alkitab, makin selaras doa-doa kita dengan sifat dan ajaran Kristus, sehingga doa kita akan lebih efektif (lihat cat. --> Yoh 14:13; lihat cat. --> Yoh 15:4; lihat cat. --> Mazm 66:18; [atau ref. Yoh 14:13; 15:4; Mazm 66:18] lihat art. BERDOA DENGAN EFEKTIF). [1:5] 7 Full Life : APABILA DI ANTARA KAMU ADA YANG KEKURANGAN HIKMAT. Nas : Yak 1:5 Hikmat artinya kemampuan rohani untuk melihat dan menilai kehidupan dan kelakuan dari sudut pandangan Allah (Ams 1:2). Hal ini meliputi pengadaan pilihan yang tepat serta melakukan hal-hal yang benar menurut kehendak Allah yang dinyatakan dalam Firman-Nya dan pimpinan Roh (Rom 8:4-17). Kita dapat menerima hikmat ini dengan menghampiri Allah dan memohonnya dengan iman (ayat Yak 1:6-8; Ams 2:6; 1Kor 1:30). [4:3] 8 Full Life : BERDOA JUGA, TETAPI KAMU TIDAK MENERIMA. Nas : Yak 4:3 Allah menolak untuk menjawab doa mereka yang ambisius untuk dirinya sendiri, mencintai kesenangan, dan menginginkan kehormatan, kuasa atau kekayaan (lihat cat. --> Yak 4:1). [atau ref. Yak 4:1] Kita semua harus memperhatikan, karena Allah tidak akan mendengarkan doa kita kalau hati kita penuh dengan keinginan yang mementingkan diri (lihat art. BERDOA DENGAN EFEKTIF). Alkitab memberi tahu kita bahwa Allah hanya mendengarkan doa orang yang benar (Mazm 34:14-16; 66:18-19), mereka yang berseru kepada-Nya dalam kesetiaan (Mazm 145:18), mereka yang sungguh-sungguh bertobat dan rendah hati (Luk 18:14), dan mereka yang meminta sesuai dengan kehendak-Nya (1Yoh 5:14). [5:16] 9 Full Life : MENGAKU DOSA ... SALING MENDOAKAN ... SEMBUH. Nas : Yak 5:16 Ayat ini memberikan suatu alasan yang penting mengapa kesembuhan sering kali tidak ada dalam masyarakat Kristen. Dosa harus diakui kepada orang lain dan doa yang sungguh-sungguh bagi satu sama lain harus dipanjatkan kepada Allah. Dosa dalam gereja menghalangi doa orang percaya serta merintangi kuasa penyembuhan Allah dinyatakan dalam jemaat. [5:16] 10 Full Life : DOA ORANG YANG BENAR ... SANGAT BESAR KUASANYA. Nas : Yak 5:16 Doa orang benar Page 2
[1:1] 1 tn The translation assumes that the form translated “beginning” is in the absolute state rather than the construct (“in the beginning of,” or “when God created”). In other words, the clause in v. 1 is a main clause, v. 2 has three clauses that are descriptive and supply background information, and v. 3 begins the narrative sequence proper. The referent of the word “beginning” has to be defined from the context since there is no beginning or ending with God. [1:1] sn In the beginning. The verse refers to the beginning of the world as we know it; it affirms that it is entirely the product of the creation of God. But there are two ways that this verse can be interpreted: (1) It may be taken to refer to the original act of creation with the rest of the events on the days of creation completing it. This would mean that the disjunctive clauses of v. 2 break the sequence of the creative work of the first day. (2) It may be taken as a summary statement of what the chapter will record, that is, vv. 3-31 are about God’s creating the world as we know it. If the first view is adopted, then we have a reference here to original creation; if the second view is taken, then Genesis itself does not account for the original creation of matter. To follow this view does not deny that the Bible teaches that God created everything out of nothing (cf. John 1:3) – it simply says that Genesis is not making that affirmation. This second view presupposes the existence of pre-existent matter, when God said, “Let there be light.” The first view includes the description of the primordial state as part of the events of day one. The following narrative strongly favors the second view, for the “heavens/sky” did not exist prior to the second day of creation (see v. 8) and “earth/dry land” did not exist, at least as we know it, prior to the third day of creation (see v. 10). [1:1] 2 sn God. This frequently used Hebrew name for God (אֱלֹהִים,’elohim ) is a plural form. When it refers to the one true God, the singular verb is normally used, as here. The plural form indicates majesty; the name stresses God’s sovereignty and incomparability – he is the “God of gods.” [1:1] 3 tn The English verb “create” captures well the meaning of the Hebrew term in this context. The verb בָּרָא (bara’) always describes the divine activity of fashioning something new, fresh, and perfect. The verb does not necessarily describe creation out of nothing (see, for example, v. 27, where it refers to the creation of man); it often stresses forming anew, reforming, renewing (see Ps 51:10; Isa 43:15, 65:17). [1:1] 4 tn Or “the entire universe”; or “the sky and the dry land.” This phrase is often interpreted as a merism, referring to the entire ordered universe, including the heavens and the earth and everything in them. The “heavens and the earth” were completed in seven days (see Gen 2:1) and are characterized by fixed laws (see Jer 33:25). “Heavens” refers specifically to the sky, created on the second day (see v. 8), while “earth” refers specifically to the dry land, created on the third day (see v. 10). Both are distinct from the sea/seas (see v. 10 and Exod 20:11). [1:2] 5 tn The disjunctive clause (conjunction + subject + verb) at the beginning of v. 2 gives background information for the following narrative, explaining the state of things when “God said…” (v. 3). Verse one is a title to the chapter, v. 2 provides information about the state of things when God spoke, and v. 3 begins the narrative per se with the typical narrative construction (vav [ו] consecutive followed by the prefixed verbal form). (This literary structure is paralleled in the second portion of the book: Gen 2:4 provides the title or summary of what follows, 2:5-6 use disjunctive clause structures to give background information for the following narrative, and 2:7 begins the narrative with the vav consecutive attached to a prefixed verbal form.) Some translate 1:2a “and the earth became,” arguing that v. 1 describes the original creation of the earth, while v. 2 refers to a judgment that reduced it to a chaotic condition. Verses 3ff. then describe the re-creation of the earth. However, the disjunctive clause at the beginning of v. 2 cannot be translated as if it were relating the next event in a sequence. If v. 2 were sequential to v. 1, the author would have used the vav consecutive followed by a prefixed verbal form and the subject. [1:2] 6 tn That is, what we now call “the earth.” The creation of the earth as we know it is described in vv. 9-10. Prior to this the substance which became the earth (= dry land) lay dormant under the water. [1:2] 7 tn Traditional translations have followed a more literal rendering of “waste and void.” The words describe a condition that is without form and empty. What we now know as “the earth” was actually an unfilled mass covered by water and darkness. Later תֹהוּ (tohu) and בֹּהוּ (bohu), when used in proximity, describe a situation resulting from judgment (Isa 34:11; Jer 4:23). Both prophets may be picturing judgment as the reversal of creation in which God’s judgment causes the world to revert to its primordial condition. This later use of the terms has led some to conclude that Gen 1:2 presupposes the judgment of a prior world, but it is unsound method to read the later application of the imagery (in a context of judgment) back into Gen 1:2. [1:2] 8 sn Darkness. The Hebrew word simply means “darkness,” but in the Bible it has come to symbolize what opposes God, such as judgment (Exod 10:21), death (Ps 88:13), oppression (Isa 9:1), the wicked (1 Sam 2:9) and in general, sin. In Isa 45:7 it parallels “evil.” It is a fitting cover for the primeval waste, but it prepares the reader for the fact that God is about to reveal himself through his works. [1:2] 9 tn The Hebrew term תְּהוֹם (tÿhom, “deep”) refers to the watery deep, the salty ocean – especially the primeval ocean that surrounds and underlies the earth (see Gen 7:11). [1:2] sn The watery deep. In the Babylonian account of creation Marduk killed the goddess Tiamat (the salty sea) and used her carcass to create heaven and earth. The form of the Hebrew word for “deep” is distinct enough from the name “Tiamat” to deny direct borrowing; however, it is possible that there is a polemical stress here. Ancient Israel does not see the ocean as a powerful deity to be destroyed in creation, only a force of nature that can be controlled by God. [1:2] 10 tn The traditional rendering “Spirit of God” is preserved here, as opposed to a translation like “wind from/breath of God” (cf. NRSV) or “mighty wind” (cf. NEB), taking the word “God” to represent the superlative. Elsewhere in the OT the phrase refers consistently to the divine spirit that empowers and energizes individuals (see Gen 41:38; Exod 31:3; 35:31; Num 24:2; 1 Sam 10:10; 11:6; 19:20, 23; Ezek 11:24; 2 Chr 15:1; 24:20). [1:2] 11 tn The Hebrew verb has been translated “hovering” or “moving” (as a bird over her young, see Deut 32:11). The Syriac cognate term means “to brood over; to incubate.” How much of that sense might be attached here is hard to say, but the verb does depict the presence of the Spirit of God moving about mysteriously over the waters, presumably preparing for the acts of creation to follow. If one reads “mighty wind” (cf. NEB) then the verse describes how the powerful wind begins to blow in preparation for the creative act described in vv. 9-10. (God also used a wind to drive back the flood waters in Noah’s day. See Gen 8:1.) [1:2] 12 tn Heb “face.” [1:2] 13 sn The water. The text deliberately changes now from the term for the watery deep to the general word for water. The arena is now the life-giving water and not the chaotic abyss-like deep. The change may be merely stylistic, but it may also carry some significance. The deep carries with it the sense of the abyss, chaos, darkness – in short, that which is not good for life. [1:3] 14 tn The prefixed verb form with the vav (ו) consecutive introduces the narrative sequence. Ten times in the chapter the decree of God in creation will be so expressed. For the power of the divine word in creation, see Ps 33:9, John 1:1-3, 1 Cor 8:6, and Col 1:16. [1:3] sn God said. By speaking, God brings the world into existence. The efficacious nature of the word of the Lord is a prominent theme in this chapter. It introduces the Law, the words and commandments from the Lord that must be obeyed. The ten decrees of God in this chapter anticipate the ten words in the Decalogue (Exod 20:2-17). [1:3] 15 tn “Let there be” is the short jussive form of the verb “to be”; the following expression “and there was” is the short preterite form of the same verb. As such, יְהִי (yÿhi) and וַיְהִי (vayÿhi) form a profound wordplay to express both the calling into existence and the complete fulfillment of the divine word. [1:3] 16 sn Light. The Hebrew word simply means “light,” but it is used often in scripture to convey the ideas of salvation, joy, knowledge, righteousness, and life. In this context one cannot ignore those connotations, for it is the antithesis of the darkness. The first thing God does is correct the darkness; without the light there is only chaos. [1:4] 17 tn Heb “And God saw the light, that it was good.” The verb “saw” in this passage carries the meaning “reflected on,” “surveyed,” “concluded,” “noted.” It is a description of reflection of the mind – it is God’s opinion. [1:4] 18 tn The Hebrew word טוֹב (tov) in this context signifies whatever enhances, promotes, produces, or is conducive for life. It is the light that God considers “good,” not the darkness. Whatever is conducive to life in God’s creation is good, for God himself is good, and that goodness is reflected in all of his works. [1:4] 19 tn The verb “separate, divide” here explains how God used the light to dispel the darkness. It did not do away with the darkness completely, but made a separation. The light came alongside the darkness, but they are mutually exclusive – a theme that will be developed in the Gospel of John (cf. John 1:5). [1:4] sn The idea of separation is critical to this chapter. God separated light from darkness, upper water from lower water, day from night, etc. The verb is important to the Law in general. In Leviticus God separates between clean and unclean, holy and profane (Lev 10:10, 11:47 and 20:24); in Exodus God separates the Holy Place from the Most Holy Place (Exod 26:33). There is a preference for the light over the darkness, just as there will be a preference for the upper waters, the rain water which is conducive to life, over the sea water. [1:5] 20 tn Heb “he called to,” meaning “he named.” [1:5] sn God called. Seven times in this chapter naming or blessing follows some act of creation. There is clearly a point being made beyond the obvious idea of naming. In the Babylonian creation story Enuma Elish, naming is equal to creating. In the Bible the act of naming, like creating, can be an indication of sovereignty (see 2 Kgs 23:34). In this verse God is sovereign even over the darkness. [1:5] 21 tn Heb “and the darkness he called night.” The words “he called” have not been repeated in the translation for stylistic reasons. [1:5] 22 tn Another option is to translate, “Evening came, and then morning came.” This formula closes the six days of creation. It seems to follow the Jewish order of reckoning time: from evening to morning. Day one started with the dark, continued through the creation of light, and ended with nightfall. Another alternative would be to translate, “There was night and then there was day, one day.” [1:5] sn The first day. The exegetical evidence suggests the word “day” in this chapter refers to a literal twenty-four hour day. It is true that the word can refer to a longer period of time (see Isa 61:2, or the idiom in 2:4, “in the day,” that is, “when”). But this chapter uses “day,” “night,” “morning,” “evening,” “years,” and “seasons.” Consistency would require sorting out how all these terms could be used to express ages. Also, when the Hebrew word יוֹם (yom) is used with a numerical adjective, it refers to a literal day. Furthermore, the commandment to keep the sabbath clearly favors this interpretation. One is to work for six days and then rest on the seventh, just as God did when he worked at creation. [1:6] 23 tn The Hebrew word refers to an expanse of air pressure between the surface of the sea and the clouds, separating water below from water above. In v. 8 it is called “sky.” [1:6] sn An expanse. In the poetic texts the writers envision, among other things, something rather strong and shiny, no doubt influencing the traditional translation “firmament” (cf. NRSV “dome”). Job 37:18 refers to the skies poured out like a molten mirror. Dan 12:3 and Ezek 1:22 portray it as shiny. The sky or atmosphere may have seemed like a glass dome. For a detailed study of the Hebrew conception of the heavens and sky, see L. I. J. Stadelmann, The Hebrew Conception of the World (AnBib), 37-60. [1:6] 24 tn Heb “the waters from the waters.” [1:7] 25 tn Heb “the expanse.” [1:7] 26 tn This statement indicates that it happened the way God designed it, underscoring the connection between word and event. [1:8] 27 tn Though the Hebrew word can mean “heaven,” it refers in this context to “the sky.” [1:9] 28 sn Let the water…be gathered to one place. In the beginning the water covered the whole earth; now the water was to be restricted to an area to form the ocean. The picture is one of the dry land as an island with the sea surrounding it. Again the sovereignty of God is revealed. Whereas the pagans saw the sea as a force to be reckoned with, God controls the boundaries of the sea. And in the judgment at the flood he will blur the boundaries so that chaos returns. [1:9] 29 tn When the waters are collected to one place, dry land emerges above the surface of the receding water. [1:10] 30 tn Heb “earth,” but here the term refers to the dry ground as opposed to the sea. [1:11] 31 tn The Hebrew construction employs a cognate accusative, where the nominal object (“vegetation”) derives from the verbal root employed. It stresses the abundant productivity that God created. [1:11] sn Vegetation. The Hebrew word translated “vegetation” (דֶּשֶׁא, deshe’) normally means “grass,” but here it probably refers more generally to vegetation that includes many of the plants and trees. In the verse the plants and the trees are qualified as self-perpetuating with seeds, but not the word “vegetation,” indicating it is the general term and the other two terms are sub-categories of it. Moreover, in vv. 29 and 30 the word vegetation/grass does not appear. The Samaritan Pentateuch adds an “and” before the fruit trees, indicating it saw the arrangement as bipartite (The Samaritan Pentateuch tends to eliminate asyndetic constructions). [1:11] 32 sn After their kinds. The Hebrew word translated “kind” (מִין, min) indicates again that God was concerned with defining and dividing time, space, and species. The point is that creation was with order, as opposed to chaos. And what God created and distinguished with boundaries was not to be confused (see Lev 19:19 and Deut 22:9-11). [1:11] 33 tn The conjunction “and” is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied in the translation to clarify the relationship of the clauses. [1:14] 34 sn Let there be lights. Light itself was created before the light-bearers. The order would not seem strange to the ancient Hebrew mind that did not automatically link daylight with the sun (note that dawn and dusk appear to have light without the sun). [1:14] 35 tn The language describing the cosmos, which reflects a prescientific view of the world, must be interpreted as phenomenal, describing what appears to be the case. The sun and the moon are not in the sky (below the clouds), but from the viewpoint of a person standing on the earth, they appear that way. Even today we use similar phenomenological expressions, such as “the sun is rising” or “the stars in the sky.” [1:14] 36 tn The text has “for signs and for seasons and for days and years.” It seems likely from the meanings of the words involved that “signs” is the main idea, followed by two categories, “seasons” and “days and years.” This is the simplest explanation, and one that matches vv. 11-13. It could even be rendered “signs for the fixed seasons, that is [explicative vav (ו)] days and years.” [1:14] sn Let them be for signs. The point is that the sun and the moon were important to fix the days for the seasonal celebrations for the worshiping community. [1:16] 37 sn Two great lights. The text goes to great length to discuss the creation of these lights, suggesting that the subject was very important to the ancients. Since these “lights” were considered deities in the ancient world, the section serves as a strong polemic (see G. Hasel, “The Polemical Nature of the Genesis Cosmology,” EvQ 46 [1974]: 81-102). The Book of Genesis is affirming they are created entities, not deities. To underscore this the text does not even give them names. If used here, the usual names for the sun and moon [Shemesh and Yarih, respectively] might have carried pagan connotations, so they are simply described as greater and lesser lights. Moreover, they serve in the capacity that God gives them, which would not be the normal function the pagans ascribed to them. They merely divide, govern, and give light in God’s creation. [1:16] 38 tn Heb “and the stars.” Now the term “stars” is added as a third object of the verb “made.” Perhaps the language is phenomenological, meaning that the stars appeared in the sky from this time forward. [1:17] 39 tn Heb “them”; the referent (the lights mentioned in the preceding verses) has been specified in the translation for clarity. [1:18] 40 sn In days one to three there is a naming by God; in days five and six there is a blessing by God. But on day four there is neither. It could be a mere stylistic variation. But it could also be a deliberate design to avoid naming “sun” and “moon” or promoting them beyond what they are, things that God made to serve in his creation. [1:20] 41 tn The Hebrew text again uses a cognate construction (“swarm with swarms”) to emphasize the abundant fertility. The idea of the verb is one of swift movement back and forth, literally swarming. This verb is used in Exod 1:7 to describe the rapid growth of the Israelite population in bondage. [1:20] 42 tn The Hebrew text uses the Polel form of the verb instead of the simple Qal; it stresses a swarming flight again to underscore the abundant fruitfulness. [1:21] 43 tn For the first time in the narrative proper the verb “create” (בָּרָא, bara’) appears. (It is used in the summary statement of v. 1.) The author wishes to underscore that these creatures – even the great ones – are part of God’s perfect creation. The Hebrew term תַנִּינִם (tanninim) is used for snakes (Exod 7:9), crocodiles (Ezek 29:3), or other powerful animals (Jer 51:34). In Isa 27:1 the word is used to describe a mythological sea creature that symbolizes God’s enemies. [1:22] 44 tn While the translation “blessed” has been retained here for the sake of simplicity, it would be most helpful to paraphrase it as “God endowed them with fruitfulness” or something similar, for here it refers to God’s giving the animals the capacity to reproduce. The expression “blessed” needs clarification in its different contexts, for it is one of the unifying themes of the Book of Genesis. The divine blessing occurs after works of creation and is intended to continue that work – the word of blessing guarantees success. The word means “to enrich; to endow,” and the most visible evidence of that enrichment is productivity or fruitfulness. See C. Westermann, Blessing in the Bible and the Life of the Church (OBT). [1:22] 45 sn The instruction God gives to creation is properly a fuller expression of the statement just made (“God blessed them”), that he enriched them with the ability to reproduce. It is not saying that these were rational creatures who heard and obeyed the word; rather, it stresses that fruitfulness in the animal world is a result of the divine decree and not of some pagan cultic ritual for fruitfulness. The repeated emphasis of “be fruitful – multiply – fill” adds to this abundance God has given to life. The meaning is underscored by the similar sounds: בָּרָךְ (barakh) with בָּרָא (bara’), and פָּרָה (parah) with רָבָה (ravah). [1:24] 46 tn There are three groups of land animals here: the cattle or livestock (mostly domesticated), things that creep or move close to the ground (such as reptiles or rodents), and the wild animals (all animals of the field). The three terms are general classifications without specific details. [1:26] 47 sn The plural form of the verb has been the subject of much discussion through the years, and not surprisingly several suggestions have been put forward. Many Christian theologians interpret it as an early hint of plurality within the Godhead, but this view imposes later trinitarian concepts on the ancient text. Some have suggested the plural verb indicates majesty, but the plural of majesty is not used with verbs. C. Westermann (Genesis, 1:145) argues for a plural of “deliberation” here, but his proposed examples of this use (2 Sam 24:14; Isa 6:8) do not actually support his theory. In 2 Sam 24:14 David uses the plural as representative of all Israel, and in Isa 6:8 the Lord speaks on behalf of his heavenly court. In its ancient Israelite context the plural is most naturally understood as referring to God and his heavenly court (see 1 Kgs 22:19-22; Job 1:6-12; 2:1-6; Isa 6:1-8). (The most well-known members of this court are God’s messengers, or angels. In Gen 3:5 the serpent may refer to this group as “gods/divine beings.” See the note on the word “evil” in 3:5.) If this is the case, God invites the heavenly court to participate in the creation of humankind (perhaps in the role of offering praise, see Job 38:7), but he himself is the one who does the actual creative work (v. 27). Of course, this view does assume that the members of the heavenly court possess the divine “image” in some way. Since the image is closely associated with rulership, perhaps they share the divine image in that they, together with God and under his royal authority, are the executive authority over the world. [1:26] 48 tn The Hebrew word is אָדָם (’adam), which can sometimes refer to man, as opposed to woman. The term refers here to humankind, comprised of male and female. The singular is clearly collective (see the plural verb, “[that] they may rule” in v. 26b) and the referent is defined specifically as “male and female” in v. 27. Usage elsewhere in Gen 1-11 supports this as well. In 5:2 we read: “Male and female he created them, and he blessed them and called their name ‘humankind’ (אָדָם).” The noun also refers to humankind in 6:1, 5-7 and in 9:5-6. [1:26] 49 tn The two prepositions translated “in” and “according to” have overlapping fields of meaning and in this context seem to be virtually equivalent. In 5:3 they are reversed with the two words. The word צֶלֶם (tselem, “image”) is used frequently of statues, models, and images – replicas (see D. J. A. Clines, “The Etymology of Hebrew selem,” JNSL 3 [1974]: 19-25). The word דְּמוּת (dÿmut, “likeness”) is an abstract noun; its verbal root means “to be like; to resemble.” In the Book of Genesis the two terms describe human beings who in some way reflect the form and the function of the creator. The form is more likely stressing the spiritual rather than the physical. The “image of God” would be the God-given mental and spiritual capacities that enable people to relate to God and to serve him by ruling over the created order as his earthly vice-regents. [1:26] sn In our image, after our likeness. Similar language is used in the instructions for building the tabernacle. Moses was told to make it “according to the pattern” he was shown on the mount (Exod 25:9, 10). Was he shown a form, a replica, of the spiritual sanctuary in the heavenly places? In any case, what was produced on earth functioned as the heavenly sanctuary does, but with limitations. [1:26] 50 tn Following the cohortative (“let us make”), the prefixed verb form with vav (ו) conjunctive indicates purpose/result (see Gen 19:20; 34:23; 2 Sam 3:21). God’s purpose in giving humankind his image is that they might rule the created order on behalf of the heavenly king and his royal court. So the divine image, however it is defined, gives humankind the capacity and/or authority to rule over creation. [1:26] 51 tc The MT reads “earth”; the Syriac reads “wild animals” (cf. NRSV). [1:26] 52 tn Heb “creep” (also in v. 28). [1:27] 53 tn The Hebrew text has the article prefixed to the noun (הָאָדָם, ha’adam). The article does not distinguish man from woman here (“the man” as opposed to “the woman”), but rather indicates previous reference (see v. 26, where the noun appears without the article). It has the same function as English “the aforementioned.” [1:27] 54 tn The third person suffix on the particle אֵת (’et) is singular here, but collective. [1:27] 55 sn The distinction of “humankind” as “male” and “female” is another point of separation in God’s creation. There is no possibility that the verse is teaching that humans were first androgynous (having both male and female physical characteristics) and afterward were separated. The mention of male and female prepares for the blessing to follow. [1:28] 56 tn As in v. 22 the verb “bless” here means “to endow with the capacity to reproduce and be fruitful,” as the following context indicates. As in v. 22, the statement directly precedes the command “be fruitful and multiply.” The verb carries this same nuance in Gen 17:16 (where God’s blessing of Sarai imparts to her the capacity to bear a child); Gen 48:16 (where God’s blessing of Joseph’s sons is closely associated with their having numerous descendants); and Deut 7:13 (where God’s blessing is associated with fertility in general, including numerous descendants). See also Gen 49:25 (where Jacob uses the noun derivative in referring to “blessings of the breast and womb,” an obvious reference to fertility) and Gen 27:27 (where the verb is used of a field to which God has given the capacity to produce vegetation). [1:28] 57 tn Heb “and God said.” For stylistic reasons “God” has not been repeated here in the translation. [1:28] 58 tn Elsewhere the Hebrew verb translated “subdue” means “to enslave” (2 Chr 28:10; Neh 5:5; Jer 34:11, 16), “to conquer,” (Num 32:22, 29; Josh 18:1; 2 Sam 8:11; 1 Chr 22:18; Zech 9:13; and probably Mic 7:19), and “to assault sexually” (Esth 7:8). None of these nuances adequately meets the demands of this context, for humankind is not viewed as having an adversarial relationship with the world. The general meaning of the verb appears to be “to bring under one’s control for one’s advantage.” In Gen 1:28 one might paraphrase it as follows: “harness its potential and use its resources for your benefit.” In an ancient Israelite context this would suggest cultivating its fields, mining its mineral riches, using its trees for construction, and domesticating its animals. [1:28] 59 sn The several imperatives addressed to both males and females together (plural imperative forms) actually form two commands: reproduce and rule. God’s word is not merely a form of blessing, but is now addressed to them personally; this is a distinct emphasis with the creation of human beings. But with the blessing comes the ability to be fruitful and to rule. In procreation they will share in the divine work of creating human life and passing on the divine image (see 5:1-3); in ruling they will serve as God’s vice-regents on earth. They together, the human race collectively, have the responsibility of seeing to the welfare of that which is put under them and the privilege of using it for their benefit. [1:29] 60 tn The text uses הִנֵּה (hinneh), often archaically translated “behold.” It is often used to express the dramatic present, the immediacy of an event – “Look, this is what I am doing!” [1:29] 61 sn G. J. Wenham (Genesis [WBC], 1:34) points out that there is nothing in the passage that prohibits the man and the woman from eating meat. He suggests that eating meat came after the fall. Gen 9:3 may then ratify the postfall practice of eating meat rather than inaugurate the practice, as is often understood. [1:30] 62 tn The phrase “I give” is not in the Hebrew text but has been supplied in the translation for clarification. [1:31] 63 tn The Hebrew text again uses הִנֵּה (hinneh) for the sake of vividness. It is a particle that goes with the gesture of pointing, calling attention to something. [1:22] 64 tn While the translation “blessed” has been retained here for the sake of simplicity, it would be most helpful to paraphrase it as “God endowed them with fruitfulness” or something similar, for here it refers to God’s giving the animals the capacity to reproduce. The expression “blessed” needs clarification in its different contexts, for it is one of the unifying themes of the Book of Genesis. The divine blessing occurs after works of creation and is intended to continue that work – the word of blessing guarantees success. The word means “to enrich; to endow,” and the most visible evidence of that enrichment is productivity or fruitfulness. See C. Westermann, Blessing in the Bible and the Life of the Church (OBT). [1:22] 65 sn The instruction God gives to creation is properly a fuller expression of the statement just made (“God blessed them”), that he enriched them with the ability to reproduce. It is not saying that these were rational creatures who heard and obeyed the word; rather, it stresses that fruitfulness in the animal world is a result of the divine decree and not of some pagan cultic ritual for fruitfulness. The repeated emphasis of “be fruitful – multiply – fill” adds to this abundance God has given to life. The meaning is underscored by the similar sounds: בָּרָךְ (barakh) with בָּרָא (bara’), and פָּרָה (parah) with רָבָה (ravah). [1:3] 66 tn The prefixed verb form with the vav (ו) consecutive introduces the narrative sequence. Ten times in the chapter the decree of God in creation will be so expressed. For the power of the divine word in creation, see Ps 33:9, John 1:1-3, 1 Cor 8:6, and Col 1:16. [1:3] sn God said. By speaking, God brings the world into existence. The efficacious nature of the word of the Lord is a prominent theme in this chapter. It introduces the Law, the words and commandments from the Lord that must be obeyed. The ten decrees of God in this chapter anticipate the ten words in the Decalogue (Exod 20:2-17). [1:3] 67 tn “Let there be” is the short jussive form of the verb “to be”; the following expression “and there was” is the short preterite form of the same verb. As such, יְהִי (yÿhi) and וַיְהִי (vayÿhi) form a profound wordplay to express both the calling into existence and the complete fulfillment of the divine word. [1:3] 68 sn Light. The Hebrew word simply means “light,” but it is used often in scripture to convey the ideas of salvation, joy, knowledge, righteousness, and life. In this context one cannot ignore those connotations, for it is the antithesis of the darkness. The first thing God does is correct the darkness; without the light there is only chaos. [1:7] 69 tn Heb “the expanse.” [1:7] 70 tn This statement indicates that it happened the way God designed it, underscoring the connection between word and event. [1:8] 71 tn Though the Hebrew word can mean “heaven,” it refers in this context to “the sky.” [1:9] 72 sn Let the water…be gathered to one place. In the beginning the water covered the whole earth; now the water was to be restricted to an area to form the ocean. The picture is one of the dry land as an island with the sea surrounding it. Again the sovereignty of God is revealed. Whereas the pagans saw the sea as a force to be reckoned with, God controls the boundaries of the sea. And in the judgment at the flood he will blur the boundaries so that chaos returns. [1:9] 73 tn When the waters are collected to one place, dry land emerges above the surface of the receding water. [1:10] 74 tn Heb “earth,” but here the term refers to the dry ground as opposed to the sea. [1:11] 75 tn The Hebrew construction employs a cognate accusative, where the nominal object (“vegetation”) derives from the verbal root employed. It stresses the abundant productivity that God created. [1:11] sn Vegetation. The Hebrew word translated “vegetation” (דֶּשֶׁא, deshe’) normally means “grass,” but here it probably refers more generally to vegetation that includes many of the plants and trees. In the verse the plants and the trees are qualified as self-perpetuating with seeds, but not the word “vegetation,” indicating it is the general term and the other two terms are sub-categories of it. Moreover, in vv. 29 and 30 the word vegetation/grass does not appear. The Samaritan Pentateuch adds an “and” before the fruit trees, indicating it saw the arrangement as bipartite (The Samaritan Pentateuch tends to eliminate asyndetic constructions). [1:11] 76 sn After their kinds. The Hebrew word translated “kind” (מִין, min) indicates again that God was concerned with defining and dividing time, space, and species. The point is that creation was with order, as opposed to chaos. And what God created and distinguished with boundaries was not to be confused (see Lev 19:19 and Deut 22:9-11). [1:11] 77 tn The conjunction “and” is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied in the translation to clarify the relationship of the clauses. [1:22] 78 tn While the translation “blessed” has been retained here for the sake of simplicity, it would be most helpful to paraphrase it as “God endowed them with fruitfulness” or something similar, for here it refers to God’s giving the animals the capacity to reproduce. The expression “blessed” needs clarification in its different contexts, for it is one of the unifying themes of the Book of Genesis. The divine blessing occurs after works of creation and is intended to continue that work – the word of blessing guarantees success. The word means “to enrich; to endow,” and the most visible evidence of that enrichment is productivity or fruitfulness. See C. Westermann, Blessing in the Bible and the Life of the Church (OBT). [1:22] 79 sn The instruction God gives to creation is properly a fuller expression of the statement just made (“God blessed them”), that he enriched them with the ability to reproduce. It is not saying that these were rational creatures who heard and obeyed the word; rather, it stresses that fruitfulness in the animal world is a result of the divine decree and not of some pagan cultic ritual for fruitfulness. The repeated emphasis of “be fruitful – multiply – fill” adds to this abundance God has given to life. The meaning is underscored by the similar sounds: בָּרָךְ (barakh) with בָּרָא (bara’), and פָּרָה (parah) with רָבָה (ravah). [1:7] 80 tn Heb “the expanse.” [1:7] 81 tn This statement indicates that it happened the way God designed it, underscoring the connection between word and event. [1:24] 82 tn There are three groups of land animals here: the cattle or livestock (mostly domesticated), things that creep or move close to the ground (such as reptiles or rodents), and the wild animals (all animals of the field). The three terms are general classifications without specific details. [1:5] 83 tn Heb “he called to,” meaning “he named.” [1:5] sn God called. Seven times in this chapter naming or blessing follows some act of creation. There is clearly a point being made beyond the obvious idea of naming. In the Babylonian creation story Enuma Elish, naming is equal to creating. In the Bible the act of naming, like creating, can be an indication of sovereignty (see 2 Kgs 23:34). In this verse God is sovereign even over the darkness. [1:5] 84 tn Heb “and the darkness he called night.” The words “he called” have not been repeated in the translation for stylistic reasons. [1:5] 85 tn Another option is to translate, “Evening came, and then morning came.” This formula closes the six days of creation. It seems to follow the Jewish order of reckoning time: from evening to morning. Day one started with the dark, continued through the creation of light, and ended with nightfall. Another alternative would be to translate, “There was night and then there was day, one day.” [1:5] sn The first day. The exegetical evidence suggests the word “day” in this chapter refers to a literal twenty-four hour day. It is true that the word can refer to a longer period of time (see Isa 61:2, or the idiom in 2:4, “in the day,” that is, “when”). But this chapter uses “day,” “night,” “morning,” “evening,” “years,” and “seasons.” Consistency would require sorting out how all these terms could be used to express ages. Also, when the Hebrew word יוֹם (yom) is used with a numerical adjective, it refers to a literal day. Furthermore, the commandment to keep the sabbath clearly favors this interpretation. One is to work for six days and then rest on the seventh, just as God did when he worked at creation. [1:6] 86 tn The Hebrew word refers to an expanse of air pressure between the surface of the sea and the clouds, separating water below from water above. In v. 8 it is called “sky.” [1:6] sn An expanse. In the poetic texts the writers envision, among other things, something rather strong and shiny, no doubt influencing the traditional translation “firmament” (cf. NRSV “dome”). Job 37:18 refers to the skies poured out like a molten mirror. Dan 12:3 and Ezek 1:22 portray it as shiny. The sky or atmosphere may have seemed like a glass dome. For a detailed study of the Hebrew conception of the heavens and sky, see L. I. J. Stadelmann, The Hebrew Conception of the World (AnBib), 37-60. [1:6] 87 tn Heb “the waters from the waters.” [1:3] 88 tn The prefixed verb form with the vav (ו) consecutive introduces the narrative sequence. Ten times in the chapter the decree of God in creation will be so expressed. For the power of the divine word in creation, see Ps 33:9, John 1:1-3, 1 Cor 8:6, and Col 1:16. [1:3] sn God said. By speaking, God brings the world into existence. The efficacious nature of the word of the Lord is a prominent theme in this chapter. It introduces the Law, the words and commandments from the Lord that must be obeyed. The ten decrees of God in this chapter anticipate the ten words in the Decalogue (Exod 20:2-17). [1:3] 89 tn “Let there be” is the short jussive form of the verb “to be”; the following expression “and there was” is the short preterite form of the same verb. As such, יְהִי (yÿhi) and וַיְהִי (vayÿhi) form a profound wordplay to express both the calling into existence and the complete fulfillment of the divine word. [1:3] 90 sn Light. The Hebrew word simply means “light,” but it is used often in scripture to convey the ideas of salvation, joy, knowledge, righteousness, and life. In this context one cannot ignore those connotations, for it is the antithesis of the darkness. The first thing God does is correct the darkness; without the light there is only chaos. [1:16] 91 sn Two great lights. The text goes to great length to discuss the creation of these lights, suggesting that the subject was very important to the ancients. Since these “lights” were considered deities in the ancient world, the section serves as a strong polemic (see G. Hasel, “The Polemical Nature of the Genesis Cosmology,” EvQ 46 [1974]: 81-102). The Book of Genesis is affirming they are created entities, not deities. To underscore this the text does not even give them names. If used here, the usual names for the sun and moon [Shemesh and Yarih, respectively] might have carried pagan connotations, so they are simply described as greater and lesser lights. Moreover, they serve in the capacity that God gives them, which would not be the normal function the pagans ascribed to them. They merely divide, govern, and give light in God’s creation. [1:16] 92 tn Heb “and the stars.” Now the term “stars” is added as a third object of the verb “made.” Perhaps the language is phenomenological, meaning that the stars appeared in the sky from this time forward. Page 3
TB NETBible YUN-IBR Ref. Silang Nama Gambar Himne
Kejadian 1:1-31
There is an old tradition of depicting the creation with a universe in concentric circles, in accordance with medieval and renaissance cosmology. When I have information to connect these artworks to a specific stage of the creation, they will sort under other subjects of the creation in addition to the current one.
(17 Gambar) Pasal Terkait: Kejadian 1
There is an old tradition of depicting the creation with a universe in concentric circles, in accordance with medieval and renaissance cosmology. When I have information to connect these artworks to a specific stage of the creation, they will sort under other subjects of the creation in addition to the current one.
(17 Gambar) Pasal Terkait: Kejadian 1
There is an old tradition of depicting the creation with a universe in concentric circles, in accordance with medieval and renaissance cosmology. When I have information to connect these artworks to a specific stage of the creation, they will sort under other subjects of the creation in addition to the current one.
(17 Gambar) Pasal Terkait: Kejadian 1
There is an old tradition of depicting the creation with a universe in concentric circles, in accordance with medieval and renaissance cosmology. When I have information to connect these artworks to a specific stage of the creation, they will sort under other subjects of the creation in addition to the current one.
(17 Gambar) Pasal Terkait: Kejadian 1
There is an old tradition of depicting the creation with a universe in concentric circles, in accordance with medieval and renaissance cosmology. When I have information to connect these artworks to a specific stage of the creation, they will sort under other subjects of the creation in addition to the current one.
(17 Gambar) Pasal Terkait: Kejadian 1
There is an old tradition of depicting the creation with a universe in concentric circles, in accordance with medieval and renaissance cosmology. When I have information to connect these artworks to a specific stage of the creation, they will sort under other subjects of the creation in addition to the current one.
(17 Gambar) Pasal Terkait: Kejadian 1
There is an old tradition of depicting the creation with a universe in concentric circles, in accordance with medieval and renaissance cosmology. When I have information to connect these artworks to a specific stage of the creation, they will sort under other subjects of the creation in addition to the current one.
(17 Gambar) Pasal Terkait: Kejadian 1
There is an old tradition of depicting the creation with a universe in concentric circles, in accordance with medieval and renaissance cosmology. When I have information to connect these artworks to a specific stage of the creation, they will sort under other subjects of the creation in addition to the current one.
(17 Gambar) Pasal Terkait: Kejadian 1
There is an old tradition of depicting the creation with a universe in concentric circles, in accordance with medieval and renaissance cosmology. When I have information to connect these artworks to a specific stage of the creation, they will sort under other subjects of the creation in addition to the current one.
(17 Gambar) Pasal Terkait: Kejadian 1
There is an old tradition of depicting the creation with a universe in concentric circles, in accordance with medieval and renaissance cosmology. When I have information to connect these artworks to a specific stage of the creation, they will sort under other subjects of the creation in addition to the current one.
(17 Gambar) Pasal Terkait: Kejadian 1
There is an old tradition of depicting the creation with a universe in concentric circles, in accordance with medieval and renaissance cosmology. When I have information to connect these artworks to a specific stage of the creation, they will sort under other subjects of the creation in addition to the current one.
(17 Gambar) Pasal Terkait: Kejadian 1
There is an old tradition of depicting the creation with a universe in concentric circles, in accordance with medieval and renaissance cosmology. When I have information to connect these artworks to a specific stage of the creation, they will sort under other subjects of the creation in addition to the current one.
(17 Gambar) Pasal Terkait: Kejadian 1 |
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