What is an APA References list?A references list is a formatted list of all sources you cited within your paper. Any time you quote, paraphrase, summarize, or include information that youve read from an outside source, you must include that source in your references list, correctly formatted in APA style. For help making a References list, view our Annotated References List. Show For help citing different types of sources, refer to our downloadable formatting guide:  Seethese guides if you need toformat an MLA Works Cited page or a Chicago Style Bibliography page. What information goes in an APA References list?Each item in your references list requires general publication information, including but not limited to:
Because there are many types of sources, additional information may be required. You will see the most common kinds of sources in the sample references list below. What are the key rules of creating an APA References list?There are unique formatting rules to follow for each reference entry, but generally, remember these key rules for the whole references list:
References List ExamplesExpand the options below for help formatting your references list entries in APA format. Online Journal & Newspaper Articles Online Journal Article with DOI Structure Author's Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume #(issue #), pppp. https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx For Example Beattie, B. R., & LaFrance, J. T. (2006). The law of demand versus diminishing marginal utility. Review of Agricultural Economics, 28(2), 263271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9353.2006.00286.x Online Journal Article Without DOI, available online Structure Author's Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume #(issue #), pppp. http:// For Example Collins, M. E., Garlington, S., & Cooney, K. (2015). Relieving human suffering: Compassion in social policy. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 42(1), 95120. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3889&context=jssw To cite a journal article without a DOI that is located in a Library database or in print, do not include a URL. Magazine Article in a Database Structure Authors Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year, Month Day). Title of article.Name of Magazine, volume #(issue), pp-pp. For Example Dafny, L. S., & Lee, T. H. (2016, December). Health care needs real competition and every stakeholder has a role. Harvard Business Review, 76-87. Magazine Article Retrieved Online Structure Authors Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year, Month Day). Title of article.Name of Magazine, volume #(issue), pp-pp. http:// For Example Clay, R. A. (2014, December). Taking action against Ebola.Monitor on Psychology, 45(11), 14. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/12/ebola Newspaper Article in a Database Structure Authors Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year, Month Day). Title of article.Name of Newspaper, Section. For Example Rowe, K. (2020, January 8). Training center shut down due to termites.The San Diego Union Tribune, C3. Newspaper Article retrieved online Structure Authors Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year, Month Day). Title of article. Name of Newspaper. http:// For Example McAllister, J. (2017, July 5). Beaver Stadium prepares for inaugural concert. Centre Daily Times. http://www.centredaily.com/entertainment/this-weekend/article159672269.html Only use this category if the article has an associated daily or weekly newspaper. If the article is from a news website (BBC News, CNN, Huffpost, etc.), use the format for the article on a news website in the webpages category. Blog Post Structure Authors Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year, Month Day). Title of blog post.Name of Blog. http:// For Example Hardy, M. (2010, October 29). E-ZPass is a life-saver (literally).Freakonomics. http://freakonomics.com/2010/10/29/e-zpass-is-a-life-saver-literally/ Books Digital Book with DOI and without DOI Structure Authors Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of book. Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxxxxxx For Example Ponniah, J., Hu, Y.-C., & Kumar, P. R. (2015). A clean slate approach to secure wireless networking. Now Foundations and Trends. https://doi.org/10.1561/1300000037 If a digital book does not have a DOI or URL, omit that element and cite in the same manner as a print book (see below). Digital Book Without DOI but With Non-Database URL Structure Authors Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of book. Publisher. https://URL For Example Hesse, H. (1951). Siddhartha. New Directions. https://www.fulltextarchive.com/pdfs/Siddharthax5773.pdf Hyperlink for digital book should be DOI if available. If not, you may hyperlink a non-database URL. If the only available link to digital book is through a database, omit hyperlink and cite in the same manner as a print book (see below). Digital Book (Anthology, Collected Works) Structure Authors Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article or story. In A. Editor (Ed.),Title of book(edition, pp. XX-XX). Publisher name.http:// (Original work published date) For Example Shuhua, L. (2007). The night of midautumn festival (N. K. Mao, Trans.). In J. S. M. Lau & H. Goldblatt (Eds.), The Columbia anthology of modern Chinese literature (2nd ed., pp. 95-102). Columbia University Press. https://bit.ly/2MKKUOp (Original work published 1928) Book (Print) Structure Authors Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of book. Publisher. For Example DiazRico, L. T. (2008). A course for teaching English learners. Pearson. Chapter in Edited Book Structure Authors Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Article or chapter title. In Editor First Initial. Second Initial. Editor Last Name (Ed.), Book title (# edition, page range of chapter). Publisher. For Example Zhang, L. F., & Sternberg, R. J. (2010). Learning in a cross-cultural perspective. In V. G. Aukrust (Ed.), Learning and cognition in education (3rd ed., pp. 16-22). Elsevier. Above entry works if DOI is unavailable and if text is only accessible through a database or in print. If DOI is available, include at the end of the citation as a hyperlink. If no DOI is available but the text is available online (not in a database), include the URL as a hyperlink. Webpages, Websites, and Classroom Communications For any webpage or website likely to change or be edited over time, include Retrieved Month Day, Year, from prior to URL. Webpage with an Author Structure Authors Last Name, Initials. (Publication Date). Title of webpage. Title of website. http:// For Example Lad, K. (2016, August 28). An overview of the colorful traditional Mexican clothing. Buzzle. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/traditional-mexican-clothing.html Webpage with No Individual Author Structure Name of Organization. (Publication Date). Title of webpage. http:// For Example U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2008, March). Police and detectives. http://bls.gov/oco/pdf/ocos160.pdf This is an example of a group or corporate author. If you cant find an individual author but you can find an organization or group that is responsible for the content of a webpage, then treat the entity as the author. Webpage with No Author or Organization Structure Title of webpage. (Publication Date). http:// For Example Freuds structural theory: The id, the ego, and the superego. (n.d.). http://www.vakkur.com/psy/freud.html Report: Corporate/Government or Group Author, Retrieved Online Structure Name of Group. (Year, Month day).Title of report (Report number, if available) [Description, if needed]. Publisher name (omit if same as Name of Group). http:// For Example U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2019, July).The DHS strategic plan: Fiscal years 2020-2024 [Agency strategy publication].https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/19_0702_plcy_dhs-strategic-plan-fy20-24.pdf Article on a News Website Structure AuthorLastName, Initial. (Year, Month day).Title of article.Site name.http:// For Example Dunn, J. (2020, January 6).Recycling collectors bothered by messy bins.CNN.http://cnn.com/article/recycling-collectors-bothered-by-messy-bins Only use this category for news articles that are not associated with a daily or weekly newspaper. Otherwise, use Newspaper article retrieved online. If author name and site name are same, omit site name. Entire Website Structure AuthorLastName, Initial. (Year, Month day).Title of website.http:// For Example US Department of Health & Human Services. (n.d.).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Retrieved January 28, 2020 from http://www.cdc.gov If an online source is meant to change over time, a retrieval date is necessary to account for discrepancies in the version you are citing and the version a reader may locate at a later date. Avoid citing entire websites when possible. Try instead to cite specific webpages or articles. When author and site name match, omit site name. Classroom Communications-Instructor Guidance Structure AuthorLastName, Initial. (Year, Date). Title of guidance [Instructor guidance]. http://login.uagc.edu For Example Jones, M. (2020, January 6). Writing an annotated bibliography [Instructor guidance]. http://login.uagc.edu Use the URL provided in the example above. Because courses are not accessible without a password, include this main URL for the classroom homepage instead. Classroom Communications-Discussion Board Post Structure AuthorLastName, Initial. (Year, date). Name of discussion thread [Online discussion board]. http://login.uagc.edu For Example Dunn, J. (2020, January 6). Week 3 discussion [Online discussion board]. http://login.uagc.edu Use the URL provided in the example above. Because courses are not accessible without a password, include this main URL for the classroom homepage instead. Multimedia, Images, Videos & Audio Film Structure Directors Last Name, Initials (Director). (Year).Title offilm[Description]. Production Company. For Example Sorkin, R. (Director). (2018). Tidewater [Film]. American Resilience Project. https://www.pbs.org/video/tidewater-mgqr0m If film does not have URL, omit from entry. The director should be cited as the author of a video. If a director is unknown, someone in a similar role, such as writer, producer, etc. should be used. If both a director and another similar person is known, include both in the citation. YouTube Video Structure Uploader Group Name or LastName, Initial. [Screen name if different]. (Year, Month day). Title of video [Video]. YouTube. http:// For Example EnglishTeacherEmma. (2013, January 30). 5 tips to improve your writing [Video]. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgkRoYPLhts TV Series or Episode Structure TV Series: Producer, W. W., & Producer, D. D. (Executive Producers). (Date range of running series).Title of series[TV series]. Studio or distributor. TV Episode or Broadcast: Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode (Season X, Episode XX)[TV series episode]. In P. Producer (Producer),Series title. Studio or distributor. For Example TV Series: Shore, D. (Executive Producer). (2004-2012).House[TV series]. Fox Broadcasting. TV Episode or Broadcast: Egan, D. (Writer), & Alexander, J. (Director). (2005, February 6). Failure to communicate(Season 1, Episode 11)[TV series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive Producer),House. Fox Broadcasting. Music Album Structure Artists Last Name, Initials. (Copyright year). Title of album[Medium of recording]. Label. For Example Brooks, G. (1989). No fences[Album]. Capitol Nashville. Single Song or Track Structure Artists Last Name, Initials. (Copyright year). Title of song. OnTitle of album[Medium of recording]. Label. For Example Brooks, G. (1989). Friends in low places. OnNo fences[Album]. Capitol Nashville. If citing a recording of classical work, provide composer as author and place [Album recorded by Artist name] after Title of album. If citing the writer of a single song or track, provide [Recorded by Artist name] after Song title. Podcast Episode Structure Hosts Last Name, Initials. (Host). (Year, Month Date). Title of podcast episode (Episode #) [Audio podcast episode]. In Title of Podcast. http:// For Example Van Nuys, D. (Host). (2007, December 19).First thingsfirst(No. 232) [Audio podcast episode]. In Shrink Rap Radio. http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/ TED Talk Structure From TED website: Speaker, A. A. (Year, Month day).Title of video[Video]. TED Conferences. http:// From YouTube: TED. (Year, Month Day). Name of Speaker: Title of Video [Video]. YouTube. http:// For Example From TED website: Stevenson, B. (2012, March). We need to talk about an injustice[Video]. TED Conferences. http://www.tedtalks.com/bryan_stevenson_we_need_to_talk_about_an_injustice From YouTube: TED. (2012, March 5). Bryan Stevenson: We need to talk about an injustice [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c2tOp7OxyQ8 Image with an Author Structure Photographer/Publisher Name. (Year). Title of image [Image type].Title of site of image. https:// For Example Sijgers, H. (2014). Sidewalk [Photograph].Flickr. https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5024/5691941274_0819b1e5a3.jpg Note about copyright laws: As long as there is no intention of publication, a student can use images in a course paper without obtaining written permission. There are copyright laws for using questionnaires, surveys, or other materials from a published source that is not public domain, so be sure to refer to the rules if you have questions about whether or not you can reprint any materials. Image with no Author Structure Title of work [Type of image]. (Year). Title of image site. http:// For Example Flu epidemic [Photograph]. (1919). History.Net. http://www.history.net/photo/flu-epidemic-art/collections Image with no Author, Title, or Date Structure [Subject and type of work]. Title of image site. http:// For Example [Untitled illustration of a sleeping dog]. Pix. http://www.sleepinganimals/pix.com Personal Communications Personal communications are works that cannot be retrieved by a public group, and include personally-conducted interviews, emails, live speeches or lectures, letters, or non-archivedclassroom discussions. Personal communications are only cited with in-text citations and are not included as a reference entry on the references list. Legal Sources For information on citing legal materials, see our Citing Legal Sources page. Other Online Dictionary, Encyclopedia, or Other Reference Work Structure Title of Dictionary. (Year). Title of online dictionary. http:// For Example Merriam-Webster. (2020). Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Single Entry in Online Dictionary, Encyclopedia, or Other Reference Work Structure Author Name, Initial. (Year). Title of entry. In A. A. Editor (Ed.), Title of dictionary/encyclopedia (edition).Site name or publisher. http:// For Example Centanni, L. (2015). Donnybrook. In M. Jones (Ed.), Encyclopedia of terminologies (2nd ed.). Stansbury University. http://www.stansbury.edu/encyclo_terms/donnybrook/ If author and year are unavailable, omit those portions and begin with Title of entry. If editor name is unavailable, omit that portion and simply note the Title of dictionary/encyclopedia. Wikipedia (or other Wiki) entry Structure Title of listing. (Publication Date). In Title of Wiki. http:// For Example User experience. (2016, January 13). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_experience&oldid=836732966 Many wikis have what is called a permanent link. This is the link to the specific version of the page you are using. When citing sources that change often, it is recommended that you use the permanent link on your references list. For example, when citing a Wikipedia page, click on Permanent Link within the left navigation menu to populate the permanent URL. This is the URL youll use for your references list. Conference Paper Presentation Structure Authors Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year, Month Date). Title of presentation. [Paper presentation]. Title of Conference, City, State, Country. For Example Fraenza, C. & Nagle, L. (2015, March 2-4). The use of plickers to increase student achievement and engagement: An informal implementation. [Paper presentation]. Teaching of Psychology Conference, Farmingdale, NY, United States. Dissertation or Thesis from a Database Structure Authors Last Name, Initials. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis[Doctoral dissertation or Master's thesis, Name of College]. Database Name. For Example Hoy, C. A. (2010). The adult learner in the online writing course. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota]. Proquest Digital Dissertations. Mobile App Structure AppCreator. (Year). Title of app or software (Version number) [Mobile app]. App Location. http:// For Example Gowalla. (2011). Groupon (Version 16.15) [Mobile app]. App Store. http://itunes.apple.com Citing 21+ Authors Structure Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., ... Author, Z. Z. (Publication Year). Title of article.Title of Periodical, volume #(issue #), pp-pp.https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx For Example Aad, G., Abbott, B., Abdallah, J., Abdinov, O., Aben, R., Abolins, M., AbouZeid, O. S., Abramowicz, H., Abreu, H., Abreu, R., Abulaiti, Y., Acharya, B. S., Adamczyk, L., Adams, D. L., Adelman, J., Adomeit, S., Adye, T., Affolder, A. A., Agatonovic-Jovin, T., Woods, N. (2015). Combined measurement of the Higgs boson mass in pp collisions at s=7 and 8 TeV with the ATLAS and CMS experiments. Physical Review Letters, 114 (2), 191-203. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.191803 When citing two to 20 authors, list last name followed by a comma and initials for each one, and precede the final authors name with an ampersand (&). When citing 21 authors or more, list the first 19, then precede the name of the final author with an ellipses (. . .). Tweet Structure Name of Group or Author, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month day). Tweet text [Note thumbnail, image, or link, if in original Tweet] [Tweet]. Twitter. http:// For Example Macdonald, N. [@normmacdonald]. (2020, January 23). My mother and I are doing a Q and A on Instagram! Follow me and ask us anything! [Link provided] [Tweet]. Twitter. http://www.twitter.com/normmacdonald Only include first 20 words of Tweet. Facebook Post or Other Social Media Post Structure Name of Group or Author, A. A. [Username, if group]. (Year, Month day). Content of post up to first 20 words [Description]. Facebook. http:// For Example Douglas, D. (2020, January 23). Why is it that when I do everything that is asked of me, including sitting quietly through a work week [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. http://www.facebook.com/douglasd2016 This format can be applied to other sites such as Instagram or LinkedIn. 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Creating apa reference entries
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