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were picking the worms hid among the peb- Wednesday gave the college $100,000 in cash. TOPIC OF THE WEEK-U.S. SHIFTING CONCEPTS bles on the beach, glistening rays of gold Garner said he estimated the bank stocks ON U.N., FOREIGN AID in the fiery blaze of sunlight, sweeping in a worth at least $200,000. (By Richard Wilson) flood of warm, golden sunshine down the Last month Garner gave the college his sylvan valley of the beautiful stream. bank stock certificates at the La Pryor State WASHINGTON.-Pinpointing trends in ofDrifting along on the lazy flow of the Bank and the Závala County Bank at Crystal trend may be no more than a flimsy and ficial thought is hazardous. A supposed river, how dreamy seemed the day, in a land City. This previous gift included controlling fleeting confirmation of the beliefs of the where it seemed always afternoon, the drowsy interest in the Zavala County Bank, lull of tinkling cowbells, the humming of beholder. amounted to an estimated $300,000 to busy bees, the fragrance of the wild rose and It is with reservations, therefore, that one $500,000. honeysuckle, the pensive song of the phoebe Still previously to the aforementioned gifts may tentatively conclude that the Kennedy bird that seems the very voice of the soli administration has moved away from idealthe former Vice President of the United tude, the lull of the water gurgling in the States gave $100,000 to Southwest Texas istic concepts of America's role in the United swift flow of rapids, and now by perpendicu- Junior College. Nations and as the supplier of economic aid lar bluffs of rugged grey rocks, overgrown to one and all. Bank stock gifts Monday of this week with ivy, and with pendent vines of the included shares in the following banks: With some degree of safety, however, it trumpet flower in scarlet bloom, tall syca- Union National Bank of Laredo, American may be said that the Kennedy administration mores or the spires of cedars, the chatter of Bank of Commerce at Victoria, Stockmen's Nations as an agency based upon the realism reflects a deep disappointment in the United noisy bluejays; then by flat meadows National Bank at Cotulla, Zavala County of the division of world power. stretching far inland, whence you could see Bank at Crystal City, First State Bank & the vapory violet that ever hovers on the This will not necessarily be reflected in Trust Co. at Rio Grande City, First National mountains, far away in the distance on the President Kennedy's speech to the United Bank at Poth, First State Bank & Trust Co. verge of the sky; and floating by narrow Nations. Public policy still calls for a brave at Mission, Groos National Bank at San Angulches where the islands of trees slit the front on the potential of the world organtonio, First State Bank at Three Rivers, and ization, stream in twain, in openings like windows, City National Bank at Colorado City. as we slowly drifted by. Also, with some degree of safety, it may In making the presentations Monday and It was restful indeed to lie in the boat be said that the Kennedy administration Wednesday of this week Garner again stated like a couch and drift along on the silent has turned a critical eye on continued aid to the college officials: water, as the shadows of the trees began to to neutral nations which are not thought walk and stretch in the elongation of the "Everything I have was obtained in this actually to share U.S. ideas on world order. sun descending in the west in the rich area and I decided to give it back where it Aid to Ghana, Yugoslavia and other counglowing tints of evening, as we floated into came from. The people of Uvalde County tries is under reexamination. the gloom of the lofty bluffs, at Balls Bluffs, and this area made it possible for me to What may be developing is not a rejection opposite the meadows where some thousand have what I have. This is my way of show- of either the United Nations or generous men were slain in the early days of the War ing my appreciation." foreign aid, but what some would consider of the Rebellion, long, long ago. Slowly He also added that he had never had a more realism in the pursuit of American gliding and quietly slipping on a long stretch chance to go to college. but wanted a part self-interest in both the United Nations and of sluggish water that was as smooth as in helping make SWTJC the best college in foreign aid. ice and silent, with duck feathers, chaff of the country. Two high-level officials are playing an imwheat, and fluff of thistle needles floating portant part in this. One is the President's on the mirror-like water, glittering in sil brother, Robert F. Kennedy, who ranges far very flashes, in the long gliding rays of the United States Shifting Concepts on U.N., General. The other is chairman J. WILLIAM afield from his Cabinet position as Attorney evening sun, now shining down the valley of the river. It was here we pulled into Foreign Aid FULBRIGHT of the Senate Foreign Relations Edwards Ferry. Committee. Attorney General Kennedy played a critical EXTENSION OF REMARKS part in the decision to withhold aid for the OF construction of the Volta Dam in Ghana. Garner Gives Stock in 10 More Banks to HON. CLARK MacGREGOR FULBRIGHT is now expounding what he calls a "concert of free nations" which, were it Southwest Texas Junior College OF MINNESOTA ever to exist, would undoubtedly render the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES United Nations less a world force than it is today. EXTENSION OF REMARKS Tuesday, September 26, 1961 The concert of free nations would, by con- OF Mr. MACGREGOR. Mr. Speaker, few sultations, make world decisions, particular ly in the Atlantic Community, as they were HON. 0. C. FISHER of us gathered here today would deny made by a concert of European nations in that this Nation is facing a critical period the 100-year period from the Congress of OF TEXAS for its very existence. Berlin, Cuba, Vienna to World War II. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Laos, the United Nations each of these This conception leaves little room for the Tuesday, September 26, 1961 problems and many more demand cour- strengthening of the United Nations. Strengthening the U.N.'s executive authority Mr. FISHER. Mr. Speaker, since it is age and firmness if America is to con is a professed American policy. But there is my honor to represent the district in tinue as the free world's leader. Vacil nothing mutually exclusive about moving Texas which includes Uvalde, the home lation and indecision in these critical for a stronger United Nations and for a conof the renowned former Vice President days may even signal the ultimate defeat cert of free nations at the same time. There of the United States, John Nance of this Nation. are certain contradictions of an important Garner, people frequently ask me about In realization of these bunt realities nature involved, but one project does not him, his health, and his activities. of national survival in the nuclear age, necessarily kill off the other. It can be seen that what bothers the It should therefore be of interest to the Kennedy administration is gradu critics of the U.N. most is the sham of world many to read the article which appeared ally reviewing the idealistic concepts democracy. Every nation has a vote. Upper in the September 21 issue of the Uvalde which it brought to office last winter. A Volta's vote is cast at the same weight as Leader-News concerning Mr. Garner. I careful ear is now listening to those crit- that of Russia or the United States. This will add that Mr. Garner is enjoying ics and advisers who have advocated a is not realistic. It has no relation to world good health. He continues to take a more realistic policy of aiding our reli- power. Major world power lies now with two nations, the United States and Russia. deep and sincere interest in govern- able allies and conducting a foreign pol This is so well known that the United mental affairs and in the stability and icy with our national interest as the Nations cannot take any effective action well-being of our country. prime consideration. without the backing of one power or the Aside from his great contribution to The gravity of present world tensions other. In almost every case the United Nathe cause of good government, Mr. necessitating a critical review of this tions action has been taken with the backGarner has achieved distinction as a administration's foreign policy demands ing of the United States and over the opposibenefactor of mankind. That fact is the urgent attention of every citizen. In tion of the Soviet Union, and in one case evidenced by the recent contribution to the belief that my colleagues will benefit with the backing of the United States against the opposition of England and France. the Southwest Texas Junior College, de- greatly I am enclosing two Minneapolis scribed in the following article from the Sunday Tribune articles from its edito FULBRIGHT makes the case that revising the United Nations Charter to make the world Leader-News: rial section of September 24. I com organization the true residuary of world Monday of this week John Garner premend these thoughtful words for the power is fatuous. What is being talked sented to Southwest Texas Junior College careful consideration of all Members of about is many generations ahead. The his stock shares in 10 Texas banks and the Congress: United States, no less than Russia, will op Page 3
constituents Elinor and Robert B. Wolf crime rates may soar. He pointed out fur- duced, years are required to build them back. In the midst of war for survival it is in Chestnut Hill, to listen to a report by ther that Thailand is in a state of transition, where a child out grazing the family water too late to add materially to our meat promy distinguished constituent on his ob buffalo listens to modern music over his servations of life in Thailand this past transistor radio. ductive capacity. The livestockman is a conservationist. He summer. Dr. Hoeber served as a mem "Such influences from TV, radio, news- understands better than anyone else the dire ber of an educational and cultural expapers, and movies are creating a sense of in consequences to the Nation of depleted change team and was sent to Thailand stability," he said. “However, family and natural resources. He works nearest to the by the State Department. religion continue to be the culture." soil, to the animals and to the grasses that His report on juvenile problems and After completing his assignment, Hoeber sustain them. He recognizes as folly of the his remarks on general conditions were spent a month of accumulated vacation time worst degree any wasting of our forests and very interesting. His 3 months there apto travel through India and visit Istanbul, valleys or any false conservation practices. He is always an advocate of true conservapeared to be well spent and he reported Athens, Rome, and Germany, including the Soviet zone of Berlin. tion, but never subscribes to the philosophy that American investments were wisely He was on leave without pay while in that conservation without use is conservaused. I was pleased to hear that ThaiThailand, where he served as a member of tion. Conservation without use is waste, land could be considered as a strong the educational and cultural exchange teams and he calls waste a crime against the Nafriend of the United States. sent to world points by the State Depart tion and against our children and those I have attached a newspaper report of ment. to follow. his observations regarding his trip and If anyone knows Americans have an obthe conditions which he found affecting ligation in this generation to keep the opjuveniles: The Importance of Grass portunity open, it is the livestockman who is close to our national resources and de[From the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, pends so much upon their conserrationSept. 26, 1961] EXTENSION OF REMARKS and not their waste. Yet we are told how DR. HOEBER SAYS RESPECT FOR ELDERS KEEPS OF to conserve these valuable resources by men CRIME RATE OF THAILAND YOUTH LOW never directly dependent upon them-men HON. HENRY DWORSHAK (By Maurice M. Lewis, Jr.) whose lives were never touched by mountain virility. Many of them lack the background Thanks in large measure to Buddhism, OF IDAHO which stresses respect for elders, Thailand is as a prerogative to the understanding of conIN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES servation and that is the background that keeping juvenile delinquency far below even the best levels here, a Philadelphia expert builds through generations of family ex Tuesday, September 26, 1961 reported yesterday. perience a love of the soil and its lifegiring Mr. DWORSHAK. Mr. President, an products of grasses, trees, flowers. For, it The findings were made by Dr. Johannes Idaho farm leader, Mr. Ray V. Swanson, U. Hoeber, deputy city welfare commissioner, recently addressed a group of farmers is an abundance of these gifts of nature who spent 3 months in Thailand studying and livestockmen in Idaho on “The Im3 upon which the Nation depends for its great ness. that land's welfare setup. True conservation is a part of the obligation we shoulder as citizens of this “Respect for their elders is one of the fun- portance of Grass.” In his remarks, Mr. Nation. Swanson puts into words the thoughts damental concepts which Thai children are We must battle for the kind of taught early in their lives and there is every and feelings of a large majority of the conservation that will keep our Nation indication that it will remain one of the people of Idaho who are engaged in strong-and not make us a sitting duck for Red takeover. principal sources of economic and social sta agricultural pursuits. I ask unanimous bility," he said. The stockman is first to frown on improper consent to have printed in the Appendix conservation of resources, for upon the reCOMPARABLE POPULATIONS of the RECORD the address made by Mr. sources he depends for the prosperity and Hoeber said that Bangkok, Thailand's Swanson. continuance of his business. We cannot capital, has a population of about 2 million, roughly comparable to Philadelphia. There being no objection, the address overstress our firm and well-grounded belief Last year, 1,600 juveniles were turned over was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, in the multiple use of our public lands, de riving the most possible good from them to Bangkok court officials from that city's as follows: while at the same time practicing conserentire metropolitan area, he said; "Phila- THE IMPORTANCE OF GRASS AS PRIMARY FORM vation at its best. delphia had some 10,000 court cases involv OF FOOD The use of the forests for grazing our ing boys and girls under 18." (By Ray V. Swanson) herds and flocks, timber to build America, He said also that the close family ties taught by Buddhism have resulted in only recreation in its many forms for the health There are too many people, including too and happiness of the people—this is the 1,200 children being abandoned or neglected many in government, who fail to understand and institutionalized in all Thailand, as the importance of grass to the development multiple use we advocate for these valuof civilization itself, not alone to the impor able areas. against 4,500 in this city alone. We oppose as wasteful and tance of the Nation and its economy. ruinous to the future greatness of our NaSUBMITTED REPORT We livestockmen, in fighting for the right tion any action that will further throttle Asked by the Thailand Government to to use the hills and valleys on which to the conservative use of our hills and mounmake a detailed study of delinquency, Hoe- graze our stock, are accused of selfish motives tains—for in these God gave us much for ber submitted a 48-page report to Gen. and careless conservation. We may have which to be thankful as well as proud. Prapas Charusathira, Minister of the In- been slow in employing public relations ex- Idaho perhaps has more potential perma: terior. perts to point out to the country that where nent wilderness areas than any other State, In it he noted that not only has Thai- we have been selfish in any degree we also with 3,089,623 acres. We hope to face a land a surprisingly low rate of delinquency have had the Nation and its 180 million peo- future of growth and general development, by Western standards, but that the crimes ple in mind, supplying them with the by- not a future of vast and permanent wildercommitted are less violent than those in products of the grasses that go to waste ness where nutritious grasses will be denied Philadelphia when not used in a conservative manner. the herds and flocks. But Idaho's fight will Juvenile assault cases in Bangkok totaled Others who want the forests and the valleys continue for many years if we are to main16 last year-juveniles arrested for violat for happy hunting grounds with little or tain our rights to water and to the deing traffic regulations on the river flowing no benefit accruing to anyone but them- velopment of our resources. We are battling through the city, he said. selves have won the bureaucrats to their great odds in Congress by men who appear Most common crimes are for shoplifting, side and are about to include Congressmen to oppose development but who may simply as their sympathizers. The livestockman purse-snatching, petty thefts-and not understand the importance of the wise who feeds the Nation with vital red meats bling, for which juvenile arrests are rarely use of the grasses and multiple values of the cannot continue his service to the Nation forests. Saving the forests for multiple use made here. without grazing lands for his herds and and wise conservation will require a long WARNS OF FUTURE flocks. It is well for men to have something course of education for those who faror In exploring the reasons for the nation's to shoot at. It is convenient also for them locking up the forests because they cannot low rate of underage crimes, Hoeber credited to enjoy the health giving foods that will feel the importance of things with which Buddhist training, general prosperity, and be lost without the grasses to sustain them. they have not had a lifelong comradeship. the fact that much of Thailand is rural. We must also remember in this Nation that such as grass to maintain and strengthen Most juvenile crime, experts say, takes place we do not know how near we may be to the Nation itself. We repeat, changing this in crowded cities. war—and armies have to be fed. We run the attitude will come only through a long Hoeber warned officials there, however, risk of defeat when we cut back too far our period of education. But even education that if the nation undergoes a population potential feeding operation. Livestock herds will not change the policies of biased menexplosion as has been predicted, Juvenile and flocks are not built in a day. Once re- or those with sinister motives. Page 4
universities. In the name of American stu- resolutions from the Chair. They speak for Even members of the NEC were unclear dents, NSA for 13 years has spoken before motions and then preside over the vote. as to what they passed concerning Japan. U.S. congressional committees and acted as Because this tactic leads to a dogmatically of three contacted during the 4 months, a political pressure group in Washington, derived decision, no book on parliamentary one denied it was passed, one said he didn't where it maintains a permanent staff. procedure allows it. know if it had been, and the other said & NSA also votes for America's youth at in- STUDENTS WARNED THEY MUST REVOLT resolution to that effect was passed, but he ternational student meetings. A president couldn't recall specifics of it. Even as the Idealism reaches a peak at NSA congresses of a foreign student union has said that in NEC was unsure of its decision, and memas delegates are told of the common bond his country NSA is assumed to be voicing bers uninformed, copies of resolutions were among students throughout the world and the opinions of American students. Now, sent around the world. are warned they must revolt against tradiliving in this country, this foreign student A resolution of the NEC is supposed to be tional and outmoded practices, both on the realizes NSA speaks only for the opinions of retained only if affirmed by the congress the national and international level. the few individuals "who run NSA." following year. This has been easily sideNSA, contrary to its preamble (which At the 1960 congress, NSA sponsored a stepped. Resolutions go to the congress and, states, “We, the students of the United panel on the sit-in movement. The panel because the NEC doesn't put them high States of America * * *”) and the impres- consisted of Negro participants in the move enough on the priority list (which detersion it attempts to achieve, does not insurement, their defending lawyer, and a white mines the order in which they will be disnor even encourage true representation. girl who volunteered as a secretary for the cussed), time doesn't allow their passage by NSA says it can speak for American students leaders of the movement. To add to the the congress and they are again sent to the because member schools send delegates to emotional pitch of the meeting, delegates NEC, and again passed as NSA opinion. the annual “congress," a summer conven were led in songs of the sit-in movement. By this method a resolution to abolish comtion during which resolutions are passed. That some of the delegates from southern pulsory membership lists for all student orWhat NSA fails to recognize is the fact that schools walked out of the meeting was not ganizations has existed for 4 years without these delegates are rarely elected by member surprising. ever being voted upon by member schools. schools. They are not selected on the basis The moderator, an NSA officer, was the This does not stop NSA officials from presof knowledge of the subjects to be discussed, same individual who was largely responsible suring for the goals of such resolutions. nor knowledge of how the students they for NSA taking a stand in favor of support- Mandates may be involved, which will be represent feel on the subjects. ing the sit-ins-a stand which was taken carried out just as mandates from the ConTopics covered at the congress are not without a vote of member schools, without gress. U.S. Congressmen will be told that geared to current issues on member cam- consultation with them, and without noti- this is what the youth of the Nation desires. puses, but to areas where NSA officers feel fying them of the decision before involved A REPRESENTATIVE ORGAN FOR AMERICAN the campuses should be concerned. In schools read it in their community news STUDENTS? other words, a few officers try to create in papers. Through its regional structure, NSA claims terests for students with whose interests NO MINORITY REPORTS-NO MINUTES the NEC is representative. However, the they are generally unfamiliar. No organ NSA fails to provide information regard- regional votes are not proportional. For ization can reflect a nonexistent sentiment. ing the tremendous dissents which have instance, the Utah region has 5 member Under such conditions delegates can neither occurred annually at the congresses. Mi- schools and 1 vote on the NEC; the New reflect nor represent student opinion. nority reports are not published. Minutes In 14 hours, 1 of the 5 committees at England region has 51 member schools and of the meetings are not distributed, even the 1960 congress passed 44 resolutions. only 2 votes on the NEC. NEC members This allows an average of about 20 minutes that is spoken of so frequently in NSA ses to members. The brotherhood of youth rarely discuss the issues they vote on with for debating each resolution in a committee representatives from schools in their resions seems a reality when NSA bluntly gion. A school is unable, through the assoof more than 200 delegates. states that all 1,300,000 members feel "yes" The subjects that this committee at ciation, to find out how its representative tempted to debate and the problems they or "no", on politically hot issues. votes at the NEC sessions. tried to resolve are not conducive to such The discrepancy between actual and Inserted in the 1960 Congress program, cursory treatment. Here are a few exam claimed representation continues. It be- NSA gave a history of NSA which concluded ples, titles of resolutions passed by this comes a glaring fact when it is realized that with this remark, "Accurately reflecting the committee: Cuba, Nuclear Testing, Africa, only 13 of 97 resolutions discussed at the feelings of students on member campuses, Latin American Policy, South Korea-Turkey, 1960 congress were voted upon by the dele- USNSA's structure provides a representative Japan, India, Ethiopia, Hungary, Totalitar- gates. The rest were decisions of the NEC, organ for American students, despite the ianism, Eastern European Exchange, and the National Executive Committee, which pluralistic heterogeneity of the Nation's sysWorld Youth Forum. consists of regional officers and national tem of higher education." During the summer, NSA sponsors an officers. How can NSA substantiate this claim? 8-week seminar for 15 students, hand This group, with 34 voting members, has Many of us who belong to NSA are just bepicked by the National Executive Committee the constitutional power to decide stands ginning to learn the hypocrisy of the stateof NSA, to study a few of these areas. This and programs for the 1,300,000 members. It ment. is recognition of the complexities involved meets immediately after the summer con NSA does not represent those in its memin these problems and the need for careful gress and passes resolutions which are on bership; its structure precludes the possiconsideration of them. Yet, congress delethe books for a year before they can be bility. Many who belong to NSA are unaware gates are expected to pass resolutions in altered or reversed by member schools. Al that they do. Schools Join and leave NSA these areas and more in a few hours. most two-thirds of all NSA resolutions, and according to the whims-or fears-of individFACTS OR DISTORTIONS? all of the NSA programs, are the product, uals in campus student governments. Few not of thinking on 350 college campuses, Background papers are distributed to students know or care anything about NSA. but of discussion around the NEC table. aid delegates who are not totally familiar It doesn't harm them, they think. It helps with all the issues being discussed. The NONVIOLENT PROTESTS IN JAPAN UPHELD them once in a while with pamphlets to refer papers are usually written by national staff In September 1960 the NEC passed a reso- to on campus problems. and executive committee members. Often, lution upholding the Japanese riots which The greatest apathy of all is being demon. they tell only one side of a crucial, highly kept a U.S. President from visiting the coun- strated by the more than 1 million students debatable issue. The background papers try. The consequences of the rioting, and who are allowing NSA to speak for them in are frequently quoted in the section of reso- the suspicion that it was led by Japanese this unrepresentative manner. In the past, lutions labeled as fact. What finally ap Communists was not mentioned in the fact many of those who have opposed NSA, or pears in this section of each resolution is section of this resolution. It was called a wished to reform it, have found its leaderoften an opinionated distortion stated with student demonstration and the NEC put ship had too much of a stronghold to be pretentious certainty. NSA on record as upholding the right of broken with the small effort they were willFor example, a resolution claiming to give these students to nonviolently protest ac- ing to put forth. To correct what is a serithe facts on the controversial and hotly tions which they consider unjust or un- ous situation within NSA, will take a knowldebated House Un-American Activities Com- democratic edge and devotion equal to that of the NSA mittee states simply that the committee It was mid-December, 4 months after the leaders. Those students who are concerned "violates personal rights, and endangers free passage of this resolution, that member about the implications of NSA, who desire expression." schools were notified of the decision. Even & democratic form of representation, and This seems to be the pattern in NSA reso- then, it was merely included in a codifica- who believe that speaking with knowledge lutions: highly opinionated material quickly tion of 140 other resolutions. With one copy is more important than emotional rantings, approved by weary delegates who come to of this codification being sent to each mem- do not have the advantage of full-time sal. the convention with little or no knowledge ber school, the chances that the resolution, aried leadership, as does NSA. But there of what they will be expected to know. or any other, would be noticed and discussed are more than a million students being mis"Whether we are right or not is irrevelant, If member schools should object represented; it would only be through conwe must speak," a top NSA officer explains. to an NEC resolution, or suggest modifica- tinued apathy that they would not be able And so, for the sake of getting delegates to tions, their criticisms are neither recorded to make the truth, which is on their side, act, committee chairmen push through nor published. Page 5
The emergence of these symbols, as su- ministrator back to his laboratory, by sub- Thus, we ought soon to decide to devote preme outward expressions of our culture's jecting large expenditures to enough scrutiny a certain fraction of our gross national aspirations raises three broad and difficult 80 that money is not too easy to get. product (GNP) to nondefense science rather questions: Is big science ruining science? I do not believe that we at Oak Ridge, or, than paying for each scientific expenditure Does it cost too much? Is it working on the I suspect, other such institutions, are com- on an ad hoc, item-by-item basis. At the right things? These questions deserve seri- pletely successful in these efforts. We do moment science grows much more rapidly ous attention, for they relate not only to the best we can, however; and at least, by than does the GNP. I would suggest that science but to our whole society. Because of confining big science to such institutions, we settle on some figure-say, less than 1 their complexity, however, I shall be able we prevent the contagion from spreading. percent of the GNP—as the long-term bill only to touch upon them here. What really bothers me is the evidence for federally supported, nondefense science, that big science is invading the universities. and that we stick to it for a period of, perIS BIG SCIENCE RUINING SCIENCE? One need not look far to find billion-volt haps, 15 years. The English astronomer Fred Hoyle re- acccelerators and megawatt research reac- Our science budget will then increase only cently set off a lively controversy by arguing tors on many campuses. The justification as fast as our GNP; but we scientists shall against the United Kingdom's going into for this is that such gadgets are now needed have to get used to that idea. large-scale space research. He maintained for basic research and basic research is best IS BIG SCIENCE WORKING ON THE RIGHT THINGS? that space research is not worth the money done in conjunction with education. But and manpower involved and certainly does I think there is a very grave danger in this If we settle on an overall science budget not justify spending more on it than on any that is geared to the GNP, we shall have to incursion. other branch of science; further, that wher- A professor of science is chosen because he make choices among various scientific proever science is fed by too much money, it is extremely well-qualified as a scientist, jects. But where should these choices be becomes fat and lazy: he claimed to see evi- thinker, or teacher. If he becomes too in made? Are there any fields of science more dence that the tight intellectual discipline volved with big science he will have to be important than, for example, manned space flight or high-energy physics? necessary for science is, especially in Amer- come a publicist, if not a journalist, an adica, being loosened. ministrator, and a spender of big money. It would be naive, if not hopeless, for us to I shall touch upon Hoyle's first point later. I do not for a moment suggest that col argue that we should not use scientific achievement as a means of competition with As to his second, I confess that I share his lege professors are not able bigtime admin istrators. I merely point out that the proper misgivings. To begin with, since big sci the U.S.S.R. Major Gagarin's feat has caught the world's fancy, and we may as well face ence needs great public support it thrives on function of a professor is to be a profes up to it. But are we wise in choosing publicity. The inevitable result is the in- sor; that once big science has invaded his manned flight into space as the primary event jection of a journalistic flavor that is funda- precincts and he becomes an operator, his in these scientific Olympic games? I shall mentally in conflict with the scientific students and his intellectual eminence and method. If the serious writings about big proficiency are bound to suffer. argue against so doing on three grounds: science were carefully separated from the Are there ways of bringing big science into radiation hazard, expense, and relevance. the educational stream other than by con It is my impression that the hazard of journalistic writings, little harm would be done. But they are not. Issues of scien- verting our universities into national labora- space flight, particularly the radiation tific or technical merit tend to get argued tories? One way, which has been tentatively hazard, is not fully assessed as yet. Several in the popular, not the scientific, press, or suggested by the President's Science Ad recent analyses suggest that the radiation shielding for a space craft would be formidin the congressional committee room rather visory Committee, is to strengthen the than in the technical society lecture hall. already close relationships between the Gor able. To shield an entire capsule against occasional high-energy solar flares might reAdd to these trends the enormous pro- ernment laboratories and the universities. I liferation of scientific writing, large parts of would go a step further and propose the quire about 10 tons of materials; to shield a man individually would require about a which remain unread in their original form creation of technical universities close to or ton. and therefore must be predigested, and one in conjunction with the large Government These figures are not catastrophic. Yet I cannot escape the conclusion that the line laboratories. between journalism and science has become One advantage of such a scheme would be find them disturbing for two reasons. blurred. that the big laboratories have already made First, the measurements of solar flare radiation, if not of the Van Allen Belt radiaIn the second place, one sees evidence of their peace with big science: the onerous scientists spending tion, are still very uncertain. Second, we are money instead of housekeeping function, the layer of inevi still uncertain as to the biological effects of thought. This is one of the most insidious table administrators and publicists, is already effects of the large-scale support of science. in being. Professors in collaborating univer the high energy protons in the solar flares, In the past, both of these commodities have sities, who might be drawn in part from the and of the energetic heavy particles found in the cosmic rays. All in all, the uncerbeen hard to come by. Now, however, existing scientific staffs of these laboratories, money is relatively plentiful while thought would not have to get involved as strongly tainties are too large to enable us to assess is not. Thus there is a natural rush to in activities not related to their science as the radiation danger reliably at present. The radiation hazard does not clearly order, say, a $10 million nuclear reactor they would if they had to start big science rather than to devise a crucial experiment from the beginning. make space an intolerable environment for with the reactors at hand. In addition, the big Government labora man; on the other hand, it does make space Finally, the huge growth of big science tories have facilities and technically trained a much more hostile environment than we involves the spending of large sums of pub- personnel who are not now pulling their full had suspected even 5 years ago. The idea of man tramping about on the moon's surface lic money. This has added greatly to the weight in the educational job that must be number of administrators whose job is to done. without shielding for any extended time see to it that the money is spent wisely. seems to me quite unlikely. DOES BIG SCIENCE COST TOO MUCH? Just as it is easier to spend money than to The corollary I draw is that, on the basis In exploring this second question, let us spend thought, so it is easier to tell other take a look at our Government's spending is not definitely feasible in the sense that we of what we now know, manned space travel scientists how and what to do rather than policies in this area. The present Federal can now really place a firm upper limit on to do it oneself. The big scientific commu- expenditure on research and development is nity tends to acquire more and more bosses. $8.4 X 10% ($8.4 billion) a year, which is the cost of a round trip to the moon: the The Indians with bellies to the laboratory about 10 percent of the Federal budget and estimates of $20 billion to $40 billion for this mission are so large and cover so wide a bench are hard to discern for all the chiefs about 1.6 percent of the gross national prod- range as to make the outsider doubt their with bellies to the mahogany desk. uct. Of the $8.4 billion, about 80 percent validity on a priori grounds. But it is fruitless to wring one's hands is spent on defense research. I am reminded that the Lexington project over the bad effects of big science. It is an The rate of change of our research and predicted that if we spent $1 billion we inevitable part of our scientific development development budget, averaged over the past could have a nuclear aircraft flying at the end and, for better or for worse, is here to stay. 10 years, has been 10 percent a year. This What we must do is learn to live with it. corresponds to a doubling time of 7 years. spent, but we have words, not nuclear air of 10 years. The time and money have been We must make it flourish and at the same Since the doubling time of the gross national time keep it from trampling little science planes, flying. product—now estimated at $500 billion-is that is, we must nurture small-scale excel- about 20 years, at the present rate we shall The other main contender in the scientific lence as assiduously as we lavish gifts on be spending all of our money on science and Olympics is high-energy physics. It, too, is spectaculars. wonderfully expensive (the Stanford linear technology in about 65 years. Evidently With respect to big science, huge labora- something will have to be done or big accelerator is expected to cost $100 million), tories like Oak Ridge play a central role. science will ruin us financially. and we may expect to spend $400 million a They were established to encourage big sci- What can be done? We have decided, year on this area of research by 1970. ence yet to segregate it and prevent it from though implicitly, that our military budget The issues with which it deals have greater taking over little science. Big science's triple shall represent about 10 percent of our gross scientific validity than those dealt with in diseases-journalitis, moneyitis, administra- national product. Now, both our military the manned space program; but its remotetitis—have always been with us in the big and our scientific might are instruments of ness from human affairs is equally great. Its laboratories. Being aware of these pitfalls national policy. It therefore seems to me advantage, from our point of view, is that we have made conscious efforts to cope with that the general principles that have guided we are ahead of the Russians in this field. them—by requiring internal review of each our military-fiscal policy should be useful But even if it were possible to generate publication, by occasionally sending an ad- in guiding our science-fiscal policy. the same popular interest around highenergy physics that comes naturally to I will not dwell on the sordid results danger all of southern Asia and cut vital manned space travel, I am not persuaded of that conference since they have al- communications links between NATO that this is the battleground of choice. There are other areas that are more closely Page 6
each year of service, and related benefit to up to $4,800 to increase, by steps, to 417 tiser written by Judge Walter B. Jones more recent earnings. percent in 1969 and thereafter. of Montgomery, Ala. Average primary benefit prior to amend- Retirement test: No change except that no earnings can be deducted for any month and knows whereof he speaks. He has ments was $43.86. Judge Jones is an outstanding jurist Contribution rate: 1% percent each for in which earnings were $100 (formerly $80) employers and employees on wage up to or less. little sympathy with some of the current $3,600; to rise, by steps to 344 percent each Nineteen hundred and sixty amendments opinions of the U.S. Supreme Court as in 1970 and thereafter.? (Public Law 86–778) evidenced by this article and the purRetirement test: Allowed earnings of $50 Coverage: Minor extensions. ported letter written to the President: or less per month with no reduction in bene Type of benefit: Provided benefits for A LETTER THE PRESIDENT MAY GET SOMEDAY fits, but benefit deducted for each month earnings exceeded this amount. severely disabled persons regardless of age. (By Judge Walter B. Jones) Benefit amounts: No change. Nineteen hundred and fifty two amendments On the way to Chicago by train the other Fully insured status: Coverage for one(Public Law 590, 82d Cong.) third of quarters after 1950 (or after age 21) day, I made the acquaintance of an interCoverage: No change. esting gentleman, a lawyer and a student and up to disability or age of retirement (or of history. We began to discuss world conType of benefit: No change. death if earlier). Benefit amount: Increased benefits by ditions. Then our talk turned to conditions Contribution rate: No change. in the South. about 15 percent (around $5). Average Retirement test: Provided that, for earnbenefit in 1952: $49.25. This gentleman noted, as all of us have ings between $1,200 and $1,500—$1 in beneContribution rate: No change. seen, how the Federal judiciary is cutting fits would be deducted for each $2 of earnRetirement test: Allowed earnings of $75 down on the constitutional rights of the ings and, above $1,500 the deduction would States; and, without any constitutional or less per month with no reduction in be on a $1 for $1 basis. benefits, but benefit deducted for each power whatever, is directing and controlling month earnings exceeded this amount. Nineteen hundred and sixty-one amend- all activities which under the Constitution, ments (Public Law 87-64) are reserved to and belong solely to the sepNinteen hundred and fifty-four amendments Coverage: Minor extensions. arate States of the Union; and how the Su(Public Law 761, 83d Cong.) Type of benefits: No change. preme Court has arrogated to itself the power Coverage: Extended to another 10 million Benefit amounts: Minimum benefit in- of a third legislature and is steadily destroyworkers in the course of a year, including creased from $33 to $40, and widows' benefit ing all local governments. self-employed farmers, more domestic and increased from 75 percent of husbands' pri We observed that the Federal judiciary in farm workers, State and local government mary benefit to 82.5 percent of this amount. less than a decade has practically taken over employees under retirement systems (at the Also eligibility age for men lowered from the fixing of qualifications of voters in the option of the employer and the election of 65 to 62 paying actuarially reduced benefits. States, their registration, and the conduct of the group covered), ministers, and all self (The reduction rate for men workers is the primaries and elections; directing the manemployed professional groups previously exsame as that for women workers.) agement and control of the States' public cluded except lawyers, dentists, doctors, and Fully insured status: Coverage for one- schools, and fixing the qualifications of their other medical groups. (About 9 out of 10 fourth of quarters after 1950 (or after age teachers; arbitrarily bossing private and pubworkers in the labor force now covered.) Type of benefit: The "disability freeze" 21) and up to disability or age of retire. licly assisted housing; remaking the wills of ment (or death if earlier). citizens long dead; telling the States who provision-essentially a "waiver of premi Contribution rate: Increased to 318 per can and who cannot practice law in the State um" clause was adopted to maintain both cent each for employer and employee on courts; denying freedom of association to the insured status of severely disabled workwages up to $4,800 to increase, by steps, to people, telling them with whom they must ers at any age, and their benefit amount. Benefit amounts: Increased by about 15 4578 percent in 1968 and thereafter. associate; directing the citizen how to run percent by a change in the benefit formula. Retirement test: Changed the $1 benefit his private club, telling him how to manage deduction for each $2 of earnings range to his restaurants and hotels; telling private Average old-age benefit: $59.14 at end of corporations how to seat people on their 1954. $1,200 to $1,700 with $1 for $1 reduction buses and in their trains; telling barbers Contribution rates: Increased to 2 percent thereafter. whose hair they must cut; controlling the each for employers and employees on wages The following table reflects the increase trial of cases in the criminal courts of the up to $4,200 to increase to a maximum of 4 in the average monthly old-age benefit in State; determining the boundaries of towns percent in 1975 and thereafter. payment status: and cities; under the guise of Federal emRetirement test: Allowed earnings of End of year ployment laws, denying the employer the $1,200 a year, with one benefit deducted for 1940. $22.60 right to manage his own business; permitting each $80 or fraction thereof above this 1941. 22. 70 the unlawful picketing of his business and amount, except that no earnings could be 1942_ 23.02 encouraging the beating up of his employes deducted for any month in which earnings 1943. 23. 42 and customers. were $80 or less. 1944.. 23. 73 My friend expressed the view that some Nineteen hundred and fifty-six amendments 1945.. 24, 19 Federal judges in the South are fed up with (Public Law 880, 84th Cong.) 1946 24, 55 the part which, under the decisions of the 1947.Coverage: Self-employed lawyers, dentists, 24. 90 Earl Warren court, they are expected to take and all medical groups (except physicians) 1948_ 25. 35 in invalidating the constitutions and laws and members of the uniformed services. 1949 26.00 of the States. I suggested that some day one 1950.Type of benefit: Provided benefits for 43. 86 of the judges might be so outraged at what 1951.. severely disabled persons aged 50 and over; 42. 14 he is expected to do as a Federal judge that 1952. age for women lowered to 62 paying full 49. 25 he would send in his resignation to the benefits for widows at that age but actu 1953. 51. 10 President and decline to continue a party arially reduced benefits for widows and 1954. 59, 14 to destroy the Union of the States as estabwomen workers unless they delay retirement 1955 61.90 lished by the Founding Fathers. to age 65. 1956_ 63. 09 "I believe you have been reading my Benefit amounts: No change. 1957.. 64. 58 mind,' said my friend as he reached in his Contribution rate: Increased to 244 per 1958. 66. 35 pocket and handed me the copy of a letter. 1959. cent each for employers and employees (the 72. 78 "What do you think of this letter? Well, 1960_ 74. 04 additional one-fourth percent to finance the here's the letter: disability benefits plan through a separate “Dear Mr. President: I hand you this my trust fund) to increase to a maximum of 474 letter of resignation of the office of U.S. dispercent in 1975 and thereafter. trict judge for the southwestern district of Retirement test: No change. A Letter the President May Get Someday the State of Alaga, same to be effective toNineteen hundred and fifty-eight amend In taking this step, it is proper I state briefly some of my reasons for resignments (Public Law 85-840) EXTENSION OF REMARKS ing: When I became a Federal judge some Coverage: Minor extensions. OF 30 years ago, I took an oath to support the Type of benefit: Provided benefits for the Constitution and laws of the United States. dependents of severely disabled persons aged HON. GEORGE GRANT I have been faithful to this oath. Now, I 50 to 64, inclusive. OF ALABAMA am asked to support a new kind of constiBenefit amounts: Increased by 7 percent. tution, one as rewritten and amended by the Average old-age benefit: $66.04 in late 1958. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Federal Supreme Court from decision day Contribution rate: Increased to 242 percent Tuesday, September 26, 1961 to decision day, and I am to forget that the each for employer and employees on wages Mr. GRANT. Mr. Speaker, I am glad vided in article V. Constitution can be amended only as pro: The rate for the self-employed is 112 to include in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD "The peace and happiness of my people, times the employee rate. a column from the Montgomery Adver- the enjoyment of their rights and privileges, the preservation of their State governments Shortly after that service, he became but Bethesda favors "freeze-drying.” Parts under the 10th amendment, mean more to blind, but for years, though blind, he of the bone were kept in their natural form me than to serve under the rewritten conhas traveled about the country and by Page 7
Civil Defense Thirdly, we rid ourselves once for all of (More visionary than the preservation of the incubus of a shelter program. What a freedom by a nuclear war?) Is it too costly? relief no longer to have to pretend. What Is there yet time to execute itin part at EXTENSION OF REMARKS a comfort simply to face the facts. No sen- least if not in whole? Could it be made a OF sible person, even among scientists, believes matter of international cooperation? Is a in the efficacy of shelters. Down one goes country without children worth living in? HON. WILLIAM FITTS RYAN to the well-stocked, cozy hole. Then what? Perhaps not. In that case some better course OF NEW YORK There is the gentle patter of fallout on the must be found. Let the wise men define it. roof; one is shielded from the blast; the JAMES R. NEWMAN. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES light of a thousand suns (or is it now a Tuesday, September 26, 1961 million suns?) does not penetrate. The Lares and Penates are there. The family is snug. Mr. RYAN. Mr. Speaker, in the Father is pedalling the air pump. Mother Washington Post on September 25, 1961, is preparing a tunafish casserole. The radio Nuclear Bombs, Their Effects and How To there appeared a letter to the editor is on. Splendid. But when does one come Protect Against Them which should make us think. Although up and what is there to come up to? Anthe issue of civil defense has engendered archy? Cannibalism? The living dead? Troublesome questions. EXTENSION OF REMARKS great interest, it has not received suffi- Bloated corpses? OF cient analysis. And even more troublesome is the effect of Under leave to extend my remarks, I fire and heat, a subject which none of the HON. JAMES E. VAN ZANDT experts and no one in the establishment has bring to the attention of my colleagues seen fit to discuss. I lay this omission, of OF PENNSYLVANIA the letter of James R. Newman, dated course, to delicate feelings. It would, I be IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES September 20, 1961: lieve, undermine morale to be reminded of CHEVY CHASE, MD., the fire storms over Tokyo, Hamburg, Dres Tuesday, September 26, 1961 September 20, 1961. den, where a mere few thousands of tons of Mr. VAN ZANDT. Mr. Speaker, with To the EDITOR OF THE WASHINGTON Post: high explosives produced atmospheric con the resumption of nuclear bomb tests I address myself to the eminences and vulsions. the average American is confused as to the serenities. I make them a modest pro Now with weapons, each of which may the result in radiation fallout and how posal. Let our children go. yield the equivalent of 10, or 50, or 100 milA nuclear war, which day by day seems lion tons of high explosives, the fire storm to protect against it. more likely, may very well end human life. produced by a single bomb.will, I am reliably To assist in promoting a better underBut suppose, more cheerfully, that only the informed by an article in Scientific Ameri- standing of fallout and its effects the people of the Northern Hemisphere are ex- can, vaporize the structures and burn off following questions and answers have terminated; that in the Southern Hemi- the vegetation of an area of at least 15,000 been prepared by the staff of the Joint sphere it will still be possible, somehow, for square miles. Even in a deep shelter the oc Congressional Committee on Atomic some persons to survive. Why should we cupants will be quickly barbecued. What a not transport our young children to these Energy: dreadful thing to contemplate. It is enough regions as a refuge? The merits and ad- to make cowards of us all. The necrophiles, NUCLEAR BOMBS: THEIR EFFECTS AND How vantages of the proposal are obvious and the bitter ones, the incandescent patriots, TO PROTECT AGAINST THEM many as well as of the highest importance. those among the aged and ailing who take 1. WHAT ARE SOME OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR For first, as I cannot conceive any sane comfort in the thought that their demise will BOMBS? person capable of human feeling would coincide with that of mankind: these enchallenge, the war to come, if war comes, dorse the view that shelters will give shelter. Question. What is fallout? Answer. The radioactive debris from a nuis not the children's concern. Our quarBut secretly they laugh at our innocence. clear detonation which has been deposited rels, our bitterness, our hatreds, our fears We must not encourage them. If we are to on the earth after having been airborne is do not possess them. Our heroes and our die for the cause, let us not cheapen and what is meant by fallout. This debris could devils are not theirs. They have barely be- betray the sacrifice: Away with the shelters, be in the form of solids such as dust which gun their lives, they are not ready to end and all will become clear. would be seen or individual atoms which them for causes. They are too innocent and Fourthly, there is the grave moral issue could not be seen. It could fall in dry form foolish to realize that death is preferable to of suicide. The law forbids it to the indi or it could be brought down by rain or snow. life under alien creeds. I recall a story vidual. On a national scale, however, is it Question. What kinds of fallout do we which Carl Sandburg told of a little girl, apparently acceptable. Do we not, after all, have to deal with? perhaps his granddaughter, who, after hear- make the law? Thus we may write its excep- Answer. Local or close-in fallout occurs ing his description of a battle of the Civil tions. Still, the questions nags us, can we War, observed, “Suppose they gave a war require the suicide of those who have no within the first 10 to 20 hours after detonaand no one came." There is no reason to tion. Intermediate fallout (which is in the voice in the making of the laws, viz. chil troposphere) takes place during the first few suppose that children, unless forced, would dren? It is a fine point, and none would weeks after the explosion. Delayed or discome to our war. venture to say how our leaders would feel tant fallout (which is in the stratosphere) is Second, the conduct of the war would be compelled to decide it. compelled to decide it. My proposal disenso much less burdensome if the children the slow dropping of radioactive particles cumbers them of this obligation. were removed. It would be unnecessary to from the air over a period of years. The lat Fifthly, there must be many who, like yield to niceties, to observe amenities, to ter may cover the entire earth although of myself, have a weakness for children. In nurse the sick, to shield the weak, to spare course it would be greatly diluted and thereformat and freshness they are much prethe infirm. With the children gone, with fore of much less danger. ferable to the larger editions, their parents. out the distractions and temptations of their Question. What kinds of radiation are we cries and complaints, we could give ourselves Children are unwrinkled, unwarped. They subjected to? over completely to the serious business at are healthy. They smell nice. They are not Answer. The main kinds of radiation from hand. There will be many fewer mouths to cynical. They suppose life to be an end in fallout that may affect ran are beta particles itself. feed, less need for water and air and band. Properly nourished, watered and (fast moving electrons) and gamma rays ages and whole blood. Children are noto cared for, they grow up. When grown they (similar to X-rays). These kinds of radiariously subject to epidemic diseases; thus a can breed. The dead do not breed. Quite tion also exist naturally although their conprolific source of infection would be elimi recently the eminent geneticist Herman centrations are so low that they are not nated. Muller described a scheme for setting up hazardous. The savings in money alone would be im large-scale sperm banks. Sperm could be Question. What radioactive elements are mense, and would not only pay to transport stored indefinitely; it could be classified ac- the major hazard? the children and maintain them until they cording to the characteristics of the males Answer. There are hundreds of radioactive could fend for themselves, but would leave who produced it. Human evolution would elements which are called isotopes. Only a a handsome margin for use in vigorous pros thus, in a sense, come under man's own few are dangerous. Most of them decay to ecution of the war. I have made a rough control. Yet the scheme presupposes the a harmless state very fast. Many of the isocalculation for U.S. children which bears continuance of women. It is my impression topes released by nuclear weapons lose their on the point. Say we take many of the chil that sperm by itself will yield no fruit. Here radioactivity before they reach the earth. dren from the ages of 2 to 12—the younger again the proposal is vindicated; for there A few, such as strontium and cesium, remain are too frail, the older are more stable and will be female as well as male children: in- radioactive for a long time. could be useful to us at home—then we stead of storing germ plasm we will be stor- Question. What other radioactive debris shall have about 25 million to transport ing the young themselves and thus assure might be hazardous which is in fallout beand keep. For this purpose, allow $1,000 a the future. sides strontium and cesium? head. The total is $25 billion, a sum well For the moment I have said enough. I am Answer. It was indicated in both the 1957 under half our annual military appropria- anxious that wise men consider my proposal. and 1959 hearings of the Joint Committee tion. Surely this is not too much to spend, It is feasible? (Less feasible, say than a on Atomic Energy, of which I am a member, considering the advantages to be gained. journey to the planets?) Is it visionary? on fallout from nuclear weapons tests that Page 8
FRIDAY, OCTOBER 13, 1961 (CLEARFIELD frankest, and most penetrating report on murderous siege of cities, the Jews drove COUNTY) the problem I have yet seen. I hope that hundreds of thousands of Arabs out of their DuBois, lobby of General Pershing Members of Congress and the members homeland. For 13 years, these Arab refugees Hotel, 9 to 10:30 a.m. of our United Nations delegation will find have languished in misery around the bor ders of Israel. The United Nations (WestGrampian, lobby of post office, 11 to it as helpful as I have. ern branch) bears the blame for these 11:30 a.m. This is a long article. However, I events and must repair the damage. The Mahaffey, lobby of post office, 12 noon would like to quote but two paragraphs condition of the refugees is a sore on the to 12:30 p.m. at this time: conscience of honorable men. The Israeli Curwensville, lobby of Park Hotel, 1 to Government refuses to welcome back to their UNRWA has been a splendid mother and homeland the refugees, now swollen to more 2 p.m. father and can serve the refugees as a guide than a million in number. This refusal Clearfield, lobby of Hotel Dimeling, to the future. UNRWA's greatest gift to the refugees, to the Arab world, and, indirectly, Israel, an abnormal nation of aliens who not demonstrates the brutality and dishonesty of 2:30 to 4 p.m. to us all is the education and health of its FRIDAY, OCTOBER 20, 1961 (CENTRE AND only forced innocent people into exile but charges. UNRWA should receive more CLEARFIELD COUNTIES) also stole their property. There is no solumoney and be considered primarily an eduCoalport: lobby of post office, 1 to 2 cational institution. tion to this injustice, the greatest the world In my opinion, has ever seen, except to repatriate all Palesp.m. UNRWA will be with us for some time, an tinian refugees in Palestine. Palestine is an Madera: lobby of post office, 2:30 to 3 admirable training school for young Pales Arab country, now infamously called Israel. p.m. tinians and a kindly old folks' home for Israel has no right to exist, and the Arab Houtzdale: lobby of post office, 3:30 to aged Palestinians. But UNRWA, too, must nations will not sign peace treaties with it be taken out of politics. Its work should 4 p.m. but will, by every means possible, maintain not be subject to Arab political supervision; Osceola Mills: lobby of post office, 4:30 the state of war. none of its activities should be used for to 5 p.m. The details of the Arab case vary, dependArab propaganda purposes; and its Western Philipsburg: lobby of post office, 6 to personnel must keep themselves rigorously ing on the political climate of the moment and the audience. However, the Palestinian detached from the Arab-Israel controversy. refugees always remain the invaluable, cenThese visits in the various cities and There is no future in spending U.N. tral theme. The case is painted the color towns are as informal as we can pos- money to breed hate. There is no future in of blood in the Arab countries: revenge and sibly make them and workers, business- nagging or bullying Israel to commit suicide return. For the Western public, tears remen, and housewives are urged to drop by the admission of a fatal locust swarm place blood; the Arab case rests on the plight by the temporary office in their homeof enemies. There is no future in Nasser's of the refugees and is a call to conscience solution, the holy war against Israel; and town. No appointments are necessary rather than to arms. But no Arab stateswe had better make this very clear, very man has ever promised final peace with and all persons are welcome to come as quickly. Long bleak memories will recall Israel if only the million Palestinian refuthey are. the Sudetendeutsch and Czechoslovakia. In gees may return to their former homes. As I stated before, I maintain a dis- a new setting, Palestinian refugees assume The best way to consider this case is close trict office in the Central Trust Build- the role of the Sudetendeutsch. Israel be up, by looking at the Palestinian refugees ing at Altoona, Pa. It is open 5 days a comes Czechoslovakia. Propaganda pre themselves, not as a problem, not as statisweek to serve the residents of the 20th pares the war for liberation of "our tics, but as people. The Palestinian refugees, brothers." Victory over a minor near enemy Congressional District. battered by 13 years in the arena of interis planned as the essential first step on a If I should be out of the office on of- long triumphant road of conquest. A thou national politics, have lost their shape; they ficial business there is always a com appear as a lump and are spoken of as one sand-year Muslim Reich, the African Con- object. They are individuals, like everyone petent member of my staff available to tinent ruled by Egypt, may be a mad dream, else. answer questions or to assist in every but we have experience of mad dreams and Despite the unique care and concern they way possible. mad dreamers. We cannot be too careful. have received, despite the unique publicity I welcome all those who may have a The echo of Hitler's voice is heard again in which rages around them, the Arab refuproblem of great importance to themthe land, now speaking Arabic. gees, alas, are not unique. Although no one selves to meet with me when I am in their Because I think the entire statement knows exactly how many refugees are scatcommunity or on this annual congres- is worthy of the attention of the Con tered everywhere over the globe, it is esti mated that since World War II, and only sional tour of our district. gress, I would like to introduce it in the since then, at least 39 million non-Arab men, Appendix in full: women, and children have become homeless THE ARABS OF PALESTINE refugees, through no choice of their own. (By Martha Gellhorn) Their numbers grow every year; Angolans The Arabs of Palestine (Martha Gellhorn, novelist, journalist, and are the latest addition to the long list. The former war correspondent, has recently re causes for this uprooting are always dif ferent, but the result is the same: the upEXTENSION OF REMARKS turned from a journey to the Middle East, rooted have lost what they had and where OF where she went to see the Palestinian refugee they came from and must start life again HON. JAMES ROOSEVELT Here she reports how the Arab refugees and as handicapped strangers wherever they are allowed to live. The world could be far more generous to about themselves, their past, and their fuIN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ture.) these unwilling wanderers, but at least the world has never thought of exploiting them. Tuesday, September 26, 1961 According to Arab politicians and apolo They are recognized as people, not pawns. Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, on gists, this is what happened, this is the By their own efforts, and with help from authentic view, these are the facts. Doubt August 17, during the debate on the is treasonous. There can be only one truth, those devoted to their service, all but some 6 million of the 39 million have made a place mutual security authorization, I ad- according to Arab politicans and apologists, for themselves, found work, and another dressed the House on the need to support and it belongs to them: chance for the future. To be a refugee is the appropriation for United Nations In 1948, war took place between five Arab not necessarily a life sentence. Relief and Works Agency which cares for nations of the Middle East and the Jews The unique misfortune of the Palestinian Arab refugees. At the same time I urged in Palestine. This war was caused by the refugees is that they are a weapon in what a more realistic attitude toward the United Nations, whose General Assembly seems to be a permanent war. Alarming problem which would recognize that re resolved to partition Palestine into two signs, from Egypt, warn us that the Pales states, one for the Palestinian Arabs, the settlement of the refugees among their other for the Jews. The Arab nations and tinian refugees may develop into more than a justification for cold war against Israel. own people in Arab lands is the only the Palestinian Arabs would not accept this We ignored "Mein Kampf" in its day, as the logical solution. monstrous decision. They were obliged to ravings of a lunatic, written for limited The question arises again in the con- protect themselves against it, with force. home consumption. We ought to have text of the mutual security appropria- The United Nations operated as the tool of learned never to ignore dictators or their tion. I would now like to call the atten- the Western imperialists, notably Great books. "Egypt's Liberation,” by Gamal Abdel tion of the House to a brilliant article on Britain and the United States. The United Nasser, deserves careful notice. It is short, Nations wanted the Jews to proclaim the the Arabs of Palestine written by Martha low-keyed, and tells us once again that a upstart State of Israel. Because of the nation has been ordained by fate to leadGellhorn, the distinguished novelist and Western imperialists, who favored Israel, the this time, to lead the Arab nations, all war correspondent, in the Atlantic for Arabs lost the war. By massacre, threaten- Africa, all Islam. The Palestinian refugees October. This article is the clearest, ing broadcasts, pointed bayonets, and the are not mentioned, and today, in the Middle East, you get a repeated sinking sensation that bogey, Western imperialism, for their refugees know this; he is an ardent Nasserite, about the Palestinian refugees: they are exile. Page 9
"Like non-refugees with the income tax a constant cool breeze—that I assumed this camp leader, the self-appointed orator, sat collectors?" was special luck and at once asked my charm- behind his desk. The Secret Service youth, “That's it." ing landlady about it. No, the weather in mentioned earlier, the quiet UNRWA Pales"Do you know what they are earning?" Gaza was always delightful. She had lived tinian, my regular chaperone, and the three “Not really. How could we? Of course, 11 here for 30 years; there were two "sticky" uniformed cops of highish rank completed anyone has regular employment, we eventu- weeks in the summer, otherwise you could the company. ally learn of it and cut down the rolls." not find a more benign climate. Flying First the camp leader told me how rich The refugees, in camps as well as outside of over the strip, I had noted plenty of sand, they had all been in Palestine and how miscamps, do find work of some sort; otherwise, but also plenty of green. There were always erable they were now and how much land on 1,500 calories a day, they would soon be- citrus groves in Gaza, my landlady reported, they had all owned. I do not doubt for 1 come and look like a severely under- Gaza was famous for them, but since the re- minute how much land some of them owned. nourished, sickly group. UNRWA's health fugees came these had greatly increased, nor how rich some of them were, and I did statistics can be relied on; they know how as had the general cultivation. Anything not point out this subtle distinction: if many refugees use their medical services and grows here, she said, exhibiting her blossom- everyone owned the land claimed, Palestine for what reason and with what results. The ing garden. would be the size of Texas; if everyone had standard of health is unusually high and is Then I remarked that Gaza town was a been so rich, it would have been largely popone of UNRWA's finest achievements. beehive of activity, with all the UNEF sol- ulated by millionaires. To gild the past is On the plain below Mia Mia, the land is diers, Danes, Norwegians, Indians, Canadians, only human, we all do it; and to gild it with green with citrus groves, banana planta Yugoslavs, who patrol the Israeli-Gaza bor- solid gold is even more human if you are a tions, where nothing grew before. This is der and spend money in the town in their refugee. This part of his address was already the work of refugees; someone should be free time, and the Egyptian upper crust so familiar that I could have recited it for very grateful to them. Refugees who were which oversees the Palestinian officials, and him. city dwellers in Palestine gravitate to city UNRWA and visitors and the local residents Then he spoke of Jaffa, his native town. work: taxi drivers, employees, merchants. and, indeed, the refugees. The refugees The Jews surrounded the city, firing on all No matter what official attitudes are, all of seemed to bring prosperity with them; it sides; they left one little way out, by the sea. these people tend to seek their own previous was most mysterious. so the Arabs would go away. Only the very level, under the universal refugee handicap Not at all, said my landlady, we do not old and the very poor stayed, and they were of starting from scratch, of being exploitable, know why we are not completely bankrupt; killed. Arab refugees tell many dissimilar and in competition with established locals. but she was adding a third floor to her al- versions of the Jaffa story, but the puzzler Besides, they are living in a part of the world ready roomy house, so great is the demand is: where are the relatives of those who must where poverty is an endemic disease, and it for lodgings. Sizable villas are being built have perished in the fury of high explosiveis hard for anyone to make a good living, in what must be the fashionable section of the infallible witnesses? No one says he was unless you are born into a silver-spoon Gaza. The main square boasts an array of loaded on a truck (or a boat) at gun point; family. parked. Mercedes, finned pastel American no one describes being forced from his home Out of the blue, my guide announced: cars, and humbler Volkswagens. The taxis by armed Jews; no one recalls the extra "There is no crime in the camps. No thefts, in Gaza are new. There is an imposing morie menace of enemy attacks, while in flight. no fires, no blood feuds. It is much better theater, in the ugly worldwide chromium- The sight of the dead, the horrors of escape than it was in Palestine. They know they and-junk style; there are abundant cases and are exact, detailed memories never forgotten are all brothers in refuge. There were a few numerous ill-lit dingy shops, typical of the by those who had them. Surely Arabs murders some time ago; someone raping, region. An economist could surely answer would not forget or suppress such memories, something like that. It is natural. But no this riddle: If no one has any money, what if they, too, had them. crime." are these eccentric merchants and purveyors As for those Arabs who remained behind, And this is true. In all the camps. Exile of services doing? they are still in Jaffa-3,000 of them-living has taught one valuable lesson: how to live The refugee camps are much larger than in peace, prosperity, and discontent, with peacefully and lawfully together. those in Lebanon, small towns by Middle their heirs and descendants. To enter the Gaza strip you require a Eastern standards. They are by no means "The Jews are criminals," the camp leader military visa from the Egyptian government luxury establishments, but many people live continued in a rising voice. "Murderers. in Cairo. I had arrived in Cairo expecting in a nastier state in American and European The are the worst criminals in the whole to proceed like the wind directly from there slums. The poor villagers of Gaza are not as world." to Gaza but was informed, by the local well housed or cared for as the refugees. The Had he ever heard of Hitler? UNRWA press officer, that this permit took Gaza strip is not a hellhole, not a visible 2 or 3 weeks to get, and sometimes you never He banged his table and said, "Hitler was disaster. It is worse; it is a jail—with a far better than the Jews." got it. Besides, there was only one UNEF magical long white sand beach, and a breeze, "Far better murderer? He killed 6 million army plane to Gaza each Saturday, and they and devoted welfare workers (UNRWA) to didn't like carrying anyone except their own Jews as a start," I observed. look after the prisoners. personnel; besides, it was now Thursday, and "Oh, that is all exaggerated. He did not. The Egyptian government is the jailer. Besides, the Jews bluffed Hitler. They artomorrow was the Moslem Sunday, and indeed all looked hopeless. I foresaw bumming refugees to move from this narrow strip of For reasons of its own, it does not allow the ranged in secret that he should kill a few a jeep ride over the sandstorming desert and of them-old ones, weak ones—to make the infiltrating into the strip somehow; but land. The refugees might not want to leave others emigrate to Palestine." meantime I called on the Egyptian authori at all, or they might not want to leave for "Thirty-six thousand of them," said the ties, good; but anyone would become claustro- secret serviceman, proving the point, "came Because of the Moslem holy day, and the phobic if penned, for 13 years, inside 248 here, before the war, from central Europe." square kilometers. A trickle of refugees, who number of passport photos I needed and the "It's amazing," I said. "I have never benumber of offices I had to run between, it can prove they have jobs elsewhere, are fore heard anywhere that the Jews arranged took about 4 days to get the visa, and every granted exit visas. The only official number with Hitler for him to kill them." minute was enjoyable. The Egyptian offi of the departed is less than three hundred, “It was a secret," the camp leader shouted. cials could not have been kinder, and I loved out of 255,000 registered refugees. It seems "The documents have been found. Everyone seeing them, the new ruling class, who re incredible. Rumor says that more refugees knows. It was published. The Jews armind me, in their cheerful, inchoate, impor do manage to go away illegally, by unknown ranged it all with Hitler." methods. tant busyness, of many new ruling classes There is a limit to the amount of Mad I have observed round and about, over the These locked-in people—far too many in Hattery one can endure, so I suggested that years. It is difficult to believe that these far too little space_cannot find adequate we visit the camp. I knocked on a door at pleasant young men, in shirt sleeves or uni- work. Naturally, there is less chance of em- random, before the camp leader had a chance forms, with their numerous callers, their ployment than in the other "host countries." to steer me anywhere. Two young married telephones, their mounds of mimeographed Meantime, they are exposed to the full and couples lived here. In a corner by the courtforms, their empty Turkish coffee cups, have constant blast of Egyptian propaganda. No yard wall stood a group of visitors, silent any connection with the vainglory, the wonder that Gaza was the home base of the Arab women, in their graceful long blue xenophobia, the anti-Semitic hatred that trained paramilitary bands called com- dresses, slightly hiding their faces behind smear the press and pour over the air of mandos by the Egyptians and Palestinians, their white head veils. The older women their fascinating city. and gangsters by the Israelis-the fedayin, wore silver coins on chains across their foreThe Gaza strip, from all accounts, would whose job was to cross unnoticed into Israel heads; this is very pretty and is also guarbe a real hellhole. It is roughly rectanand commit acts of patriotic sabotage and anteed to prevent sickness of the eyes. It gular slice of land, on the southernmost murder. And having been so devastatingly was useless to try to lure the women into Mediterranean frontier of Israel, some 40 beaten by Israel again, in 1956, has not im- talk, but one of the husbands talked freely. kilometers long by 5 to 10 kilometers wide, proved the trapped, bitter Gaza mentality; it The secret service youth translated. and 365,000 people, refugees and residents, only makes the orators more bloodthirsty. "It is the blame of America that this haplive on it. I imagined it as a sand dune, Another Mad Hatter conversation, practi- pened, because they help the Jews. We only packed solid with human flesh, blazing hot, cally a public meeting, took place in the want America to help us to get back to our hideous, and filthy. It is none of these. The office of the leader of two adjacent camps, a land.” weather was so idyllic-a china-blue sky and man in charge of some 29,000 people. The "How?" I asked. "By war?" Page 10
there's a way. "Western Imperialists" would and they have not yet understood that a Road Improvements in Foreign Countries have to contribute most of the cash for the nation is only as strong as its people-arms way, and it would be cheap at the price. It laid on top of disease, illiteracy, and poverty at U.S. Taxpayers' Expense is more expensive to maintain paupers for- are a useless burden. But if we know our ever than to establish free, self-supporting own minds, are patient, firm, and generous, EXTENSION OF REMARKS citizens. One outlay of capital is futile and in time the Arab governments might allow never ends; the other is a capital investment, OF us to enrich their countries. humane and profitable, and pays for itself. Our Western offer should be clear: HON. JAMES E. VAN ZANDT . It pays in buying peace, and we don't have UNRWA is to continue as a bridge to the futo argue which is the better bargain, peace ture; we will pay for the bridge and the fu OF PENNSYLVANIA or war. "Western Imperialists" should pro- ture-Palestinian refugees are gradually to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES vide the way; the Arab governments would become Arab citizens, earning their own livehave to provide the will. Tuesday, September 26, 1961 lihood on land, in industries, which our Economics are not all, and the tragedy of money and technical help will make avail Mr. VAN ZANDT. Mr. Speaker, as the most refugees is not that they starve in their able. All of this, but not another penny for sponsor of H.R. 8612, the national home countries of adoption, but that their hearts a political problem. The Palestinian refu- rule road program, my attention has been and minds and souls starve. They are lonely gees must be taken out of politics forever called to the many millions of American strangers who do not speak the language of and given the same chance that millions of dollars that the International Cooperathe new land, or know its customs; they are refugees have had before them: a chance for aliens. But the Palestian refugees look, feel, work, private peace, and private life. tion Administration has made available and organize themselves socially as the Arabs Would the Arab governments reject such to foreign countries for road improveof the host countries do. They speak the an offer flatly, in pique, and turn UNRWA ments. same language, they practice the same relig- over to the Russians? The Arab leaders do The following summary of obligations ion. The Christian minority would find fel- not care for communism at home. Russia, low minority Christians in every Arab coun for foreign highway projects reveals the as parent and teacher of hundreds of thoutry except Lebanon, where they are on top. sands of young Arab refugees, would not many millions of U.S. dollars made availThe Palestinian Arabs are not foreigners in charm them. In the ugly East-West rivalry able and their worldwide distribution: the Arab world; they are members of their for Arab affection (and oil and geography), INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ADMINISTRATION own family. we might for once risk taking a reasonable, Summary of obligations for highway projects, According to Arab politicians and apolo- compassionate line. We are not likely to be gists, the Palestinian refugees refuse to beoutbid in this field. The Arab governments cumulatire, Apr. 3, 1948, to June 30, 1961 come integrated in the Arab world; it is Pal- do not love us, but they fear the proselytiz [Thousands of dollars) estine or nothing for them. Everyone shouts ing Communists more. for the Palestinian refugees, and at them, UNRWA has been a splendid mother and Cumula- Net obliga. tive obligations, fiscal and about them, but no one has ever asked father and can serve the refugees as a guide tions, June year 1.8il the refugees what they themselves want: to the future. UNRWA's greatest gift to the 30, 1961 where do you want to live; what do you want refugees, to the Arab world, and, indirectly, to do? My tiny personal Gallup poll un- to us all is the education and health of its IC and predecessor agencies earthed plenty of refugees who were happy charges. UNRWA should receive more money programs... 314.942 19,057 where they were and had no desire to return and be considered primarily an educational to Palestine, no matter what; and plenty of institution. In my opinion, UNRWA will be Inactive programs.. 35, 525 refugees who longed to emigrate to the with us for some time, an admirable train kore:.. 1, 489 richer Arab countries, where the future looks ing school for young Palestinians and a Turkey. 30, 031 brighter, or out into the great non-Arab kindly old folks' home for aged Palestinians. European Oversea terriworld. Except for one Christian Arab from But UNRWA, too, must be taken out of tories: Belgian.. politics. Its work should not be subject to 1, 540 Jaffa, who thinks Jews more honest than French... 874 Arab Muslims and better people to do busi- Arab political supervision; none of its ac United Kingdom... 1, 591 ness with, none of them wanted to return to tivities should be used for Arab propaganda Israel, as Israeli citizens, and dwell in peace purposes; and its Western personnel must Active programs.. 279, 417 19, 057 with their Jewish neighbors. We need a keep themselves rigorously detached from Far East..... 165, 286 6, 234 secret poll of both sexes, from the age of 12 the Arab-Israel controversy. onward, to discover the refugees' own wishes The Palestinian refugees are a chain re Burma. 950 200 (ambodia.. 28, 221 1, 980 for their own lives. The poll would have to action. Arab politicians and apologists would (hina, Republic of.. 1, 753 be secret because it is impossible, even peril. have us believe that the explosion began Indonesia. 5, 550 749 ous, for an Arab refugee openly to disclaim with the Balfour Declaration to “view with Japan. 35 interest in Palestine. Such a freethinker favor the establishment in Palestine of a Korea.----- 10,506 2. 424 Laos. 16, 360 235 would be marked as a traitor to the Arab home for the Jewish people.” More likely, l'hilippines 12,025 cause. Man is a political animal, but he also the explosion started in the depths of time Thailand. 31, 751 448 wants to live. Politics have offered a very when the Romans drore the Jews from their Vietnam... 58,069 111 dry crust to these refugees for a very long one and only homeland, the soil that grew Vear East and South Asia. 73, 681 7, 945 time. their history, the Bible. Nearly 2,000 years Yet the Arab governments insist that the later, Hitler and his followers committed Afghanistan.. 14.000 3, 019 Palestinian refugees are a political problem. such barbarous crimes against the Jews as (eylon.. 102 Greece. all Christendom and all Islam, barbarous 10 Once a year, formally, they brandish these India. 91 waiting lives at the U.N. Assembly. The rest too, had never inflicted in the centuries of Iran... 2. 493 of the year, with different degrees of intenthe Jewish dispersion. The Nazis and the Iraq. 598 Israel. 35 sity, depending on their domestic politics, gas chambers made the State of Israel in Jorlan. 12. 52 they wield these waiting lives to stir up Arab evitable: the Palestinian Arabs and the five Lebanon. 3,313 139 Arab invading hate at home. The Arab governments say armies determined the Vppuul. 1, 142 Pakistan. boundaries of Israel. they will not accept the existence of the 2. 234 Turkey. 027 state of Israel, now or ever. The logical conThe Palestinian refugees are unfortunate "AR (Egypt 2.933 clusion is that, when ready, they intend to victims of a brief moment in history. It is Yelell.. 5, 403 3,019 burst from their cold belligerent status into forgotten that Jews are also victims in the (EXT().. 2, 182 Jsian Economic Devel- opment Fund.... 23.093 11, 731 3,32!) prevent them from making actual war-for Nearly half a million Jews, leaving behind Ethiopia.. everything they owned, escaped from the 67 the sake of all human life, their own in Liluris. 2,344 337 cluded. A vital preventive act would be to Arab countries where they lived to start life Lilya. remove the Palestinian refugees as a justifi- again as refugees in Israel. Within one gen Mall, Republic of. cation of war. eration, if civilization lasts, Palestinian ref Morocco.. 23 15 Nigeria.... ugees will merge into the Arab nations, be 113 Is it fruitless to offer terms to the Arab hoclesia and Nyasagovernments? We cannot hurry them, or cause the young will insist on real lives in lanıl... 31 threaten stead of endless waiting. If we can keep Somali Republic... 14 32 them. Their pride has been Southern Capieroons.. the peace, however troubled, the children of 15 15 scarred; they are uncertain noisy adolescents Sudan... 4, 426 1, 312 in a tricky clever adult world; their nationalPalestinian refugees will make themselves Tanganyika.. 16 16 ism is new, and they suspect insults or atat home among their own kind, in their Tunisia... 2, 605 1, 413 tacks on it, from every side; they do not live ancestral lands. For the Jews there is no Europe: Spain..... 241 45 easily with themselves or with each other; other ancestral land that Israel. Page 11
He was referring to his decorations, which "The United States has given economic In addition to the increased self-governinclude a Silver Star. assistance but it is insufficient compared to ment issue, they complain about: Although nobody on Okinawa doubts that the aid we would get from Japan as a pre- The United States' penny-pinching polOndrick is a crack soldier, some have mis- fecture. icies that contrast sharply with her generosgivings about his ability to deal with a civil- "If we were again part of Japan our poor ity toward countries like Laos, South Viet ian population. people would get medical treatment for Nam, South Korea, Formosa. "I've found him to be a sincere, straight- nothing. There is no such law in Okinawa. America's resistance to Okinawa's moves to shooting guy who cleaned out some dead- When our people get sick they get poorer and tie herself closer to Japan. wood," one observer said. “But any Army poorer. The gap between the poor and rich Continued rule by military men when they general would be miscast in the role of civil is getting wider and wider." would prefer to deal with American civilians. administrator." Senaga refers to his U.S.-manipulated Although cautious in his comments to this One of Ondrick's severest critics is Ameri- ouster as Naha's mayor as, "very undemo- writer, Ota implied that America's relatively can newsman Larry Krebs. cratic * an infringement on basic hu- low level of aid to Okinawa can damage our Referring to Ondrick as the "sword in the man rights * one of the most undemo- world posture. gray flannel scabbard," Krebs once wrote: cratic examples ever seen in this world." "We are getting $4.6 million a year in di "The civil administrator is an excellent Senaga says he still is ineligible to run for rect aid now. For awhile, we only got $1 soldier, a man of integrity, honor and intelli- office, is forbidden to travel to Japan, and million a year. We have asked for $10 milgence. his party in prohibited from publishing a lion a year and I hope we get it," Ota said. "I feel equally certain that the present newspaper. "I think America should do her best to position he holds is beyond his capabilities. The U.S. military has long assumed that improve the welfare and well-being of the "This view is shared by too many respon Senaga is a dyed-in the-wool Communist. Okinawan people in order to keep her good sible Okinawans to be ignored." High American civilian officials aren't so sure. record in history as the great America. By They say, "In the absence of documentary doing so, it will be a driving force for closer AN INTERVIEW IN A DESERTED TEAHOUSE WITH "THE GRANDDADDY OF ALL OKINAWAN AGITATORS" proof, we can just say he's Communist- coordination and a better relationship beoriented." tween Japan and the United States." The granddaddy of all Okinawan agitators, The question was put squarely to Senaga. Despite Okinawa's economic growth in reKamejiro Senaga, still causes U.S. military His answer: cent years, Ota noted that “our living standcommanders to blanch when they recall their “There are no Communists on Okinawa. troubles with him-even though, in recent ards are still lower than most Japanese preAmericans consider those who don't agree fectures." (Just how Okinawa compares years, the ranks of leftist political forces on with them as Communists. I am not a Okinawa have thinned considerably. with Japan's 46 prefectures is disputed. Ota Communist. says Okinawa ranks 44th; a U.S. Senate ForThey labeled him the "Red Mayor of Naha" "History will show whether Marx and eign Relations Committee consultant rates after his election as the capital city's chief Lenin principles are right. I'm preoccupied Okinawa 38th). executive in 1956, and promptly set out to with the liberation of Okinawa and gaining Ota, as chief executive, supervises all GRI topple him from this high poet. people's basic rights and will accept any executive agencies, which employ 9,200 perThis they accomplished in less than a year. principle contributing to those goals. sons. After a 90-minute-long exclusive inter He is responsible for executing the "The Japan Socialist Party has principles laws and ordinances applicable to the Ryview with the 53-year-old Senaga in a pri based on social democracy. It favors imvate room at a deserted teahouse, I could ukyu Islands. He also heads the pro-Amerimediate reversion and I favor this. The OPP can Okinawa Liberal Democratic Party which understand the military's fear of this dapis like the leftwing in the Japan Socialist presently controls the legislature. per little man with a full bag of anti Party, but it is not Communist.” American prejudices. (Reporter's note: I Okinawa-born, he had a distinguished caHe chatted on, "I'm always considered reer in the Japanese civil service. He was used my own interpreter to conduct the anti-American, but I'm not against the civil administrator of the Pescadores Islands interview.) American people. If I was, I wouldn't be Principal plank in his platform, and that during World War II. interviewed by you today. My struggle is of the Okinawa People's Party which he Ota's assistant, Deputy Chief Executive against your imperialistic policies. There is leads, can be summarized in a sentence: Hiroshi Senaga was more talkative than his nothing personal." Immediate and complete reversion of boss. His attitude toward Soviet Russia ? Okinawa to Japan and abolition of all U.S. A one time University of Hawaii student, “The Russians aren't on Okinawa so I Senaga put the basic problem this way: bases. don't know firsthand. From what I read In the meantime, Senaga and OPP advo "Our philosophy, our government policies in the papers Russia is proposing disarmacate policies aimed at: and practices, the way we do things are simiment and peaceful coexistence and I favor Persuading the United States to remove lar to Japan's—quite different from the that. Why can't America and Russia coall missile installations and nuclear weap United States. No one can judge which way operate in accomplishing those goals?" is better. ons from Okinawa. Senaga said he wasn't always in disfavor "We want to do things in our own way. Guaranteeing the rights of labor unions with the American military government. to organize without obtaining American They are peculiar because of our geographi "I was jailed for 3 years in Yokohama for approval. cal location, social conditions and somewhat opposing the Japanese militarists,” he said. backward economy. This must be underGetting the United States to pay rentals “After the war, the United States made me on former prefectural lands that are being stood by the United States." president of the Uruma Shimpo newspaper used for bases. Senaga objects to U.S. control of Oki(now the Ryukyu Shimpo) because I was Gaining complete freedom of speech, as nawan gorernment purse strings. "We want a pacifist. sembly, press, and travel. budgetary freedom-the right to spend our "Then they arrested me in 1954 and exiled "U.S. foreign policy," Senaga asserted, "is own tax dollars in our own way." me to Miyako for 2 years (for harboring a a war policy because you are bringing Mace He said all political parties support the political fugitive). The people didn't like B missiles into Okinawa-missiles with nu elected chief executive proposal. that treatment so when I was released I was clear warheads and a range of 1,400 miles. elected mayor." “U.S. reaction," he observed, "is always This was announced 4 days after the Ken Senaga glanced at his watch. Time to go. negative. They qoute the examples of Hanedy-Ikeda talks. waii and Alaska before statehood, when the He ran a hand through his thick black hair. "In this respect, Kennedy's policies are But President appointed the Governors. He fingered his mustache, adjusted his worse than Eisenhower's," he said, “because Okinawa is not an American territory, and brown gabardine slacks, smoothed his white Mace B is much more powerful and offen- cotton sports shirt. He descended the besides, the Governor of Puerto Rico is sive than the Nike-Hercules and Hawk mis elected." stairs. At the doorway he bowed slightly. siles which are already here." "Sayonara." U.S. reluctance to having Okinawa more Senaga also would like to see the United He opened his khaki umbrella as protec closer to Japan's orbit is another source of States booted out of Japan. tion against the stifling midday sun and irritation, Senaga said. "Japan can't be independent if she has melted into the crowd. "We want American to acknowledge Okiforeign troops and bases on her land." nawa's special relationship to Japan. The OKINAWA'S NATIVE CHIEF EXECUTIVE DOESN'T Senaga, whose antipathy toward Japan's United States should welcome any assistance THINK HE SHOULD BE APPOINTED BY THE Liberal Democrats matches his anti-Ameri that Japan gives us economic, financial, UNITED STATES canism, admits that reversion will be ex technical, eren administrative help. tremely difficult to accomplish, “because Seisaku Ota, 58, handsome, dapper chief “The United States does it now (permits Ikeda is pro-American." executive of the government of the Ryukyu some Japanese aid), but from our viewpoint, Under questioning, Senaga reluctantly ad Islands, advocates a policy that could cost it's not satisfactory. mited the United States has done a "little him his prestigious job. Although both Ota and Senaga undergood" for Okinawa. He immediately quali- "I favor an elected chief executive," said standably side stepped the issue of military fied this faint bit of praise: Ota, who now serves at the U.S. high com- versus civilian control, other pro-American "American democratic principles were in missioner's pleasure. "The Okinawan peo- Okinawan political figures discussed it troduced here but military policies always ple don't have enough self-government." freely-after being assured their identities have been given top priority. Protection of Ota and other Okinawan leaders friendly would not be disclosed. the people's rights and property has become to America believe Uncle Sam is neglecting One expressed this opinion (concurred in secondary. her Far East wards. by two veteran observers) : Page 12
SEC. 2. Such section 303 is further merce, or is imported from any foreign paragraph: Provided, That this section shall amended by adding at the end thereof the country into the United States, for sale or re- not apply to carriers transporting such apfollowing new paragraph: sale to the public." paratus without trading in it.” "(s) Have authority to require that ap- SEC. 3. Title III of such Act is amended by paratus designed to receive television pic- adding at the end thereof the following new H. R. 9349 tures broadcast simultaneously with sound section: [87th Congress, 1st Session) be capable of receiving all frequencies allo "PROHIBITION AGAINST SHIPMENT OF CERTAIN cated by the Commission to television broad TELEVISION SETS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES casting, including frequencies between fifty"SEC. 330. No person shall trade, ship, or September 21, 1961 four megacycles and two hundred and six transport in interstate commerce, or import teen megacycles (very high frequency chan Mr. MACK Introduced the following bill; nels) so allocated on September 1, 1961, and from any foreign country into the United which was referred to the Committee on States, for sale or resale to the public, appato prescribe minimum performance capa Interstate and Foreign Commerce bilities for such apparatus appropriate to ratus described in paragraph (s) of section such requirement, when such apparatus is 303 unless it complies with the requirements A BILL prescribed by the Commission pursuant to To amend the Communications Act of 1934, traded, shipped, or transported in interstate the authority provided in that paragraph: commmerce, or is imported from any foreign Provided, That this section shall not apply so as to clarify the intent of Congress with country into the United States, for sale or to carriers transporting such apparatus with respect to the authority of the Federal resale to the public." out trading in it." Communications Commission in the alloSEC. 3. Title III of such Act is amended by cation of television channels adding at the end thereof the following new H. R. 9322 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of section: [87th Congress, 1st Session) Representatives of the United States of "PROHIBITION AGAINST SHIPMENT OF CERTAIN America in Congress assembled, That section TELEVISION SETS 3 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES "Sec. 330. No person shall trade, ship, or U.S.C. 153) is amended by adding at the end September 20, 1961 transport in interstate commerce, or import thereof the following new paragraphs: from any foreign country into the United Mr. RILEY introduced the following bill; “(ff) 'Very high frequentcy band' means which was referred to the Committee on States, for sale or resale to the public, ap that part of the radio spectrum between Interstate and Foreign Commerce thirty and three hundred megacycles. paratus described in paragraph (s) of sec “(gg) 'Ultra high frequency band' means tion 303 unless it complies with the require A BILL ments prescribed by the Commission pur that part of the radio spectrum between suant to the authority provided in that To place certain limitations on the authority three hundred and three thousand megaparagraph: Provided, That this section shall of the Federal Communications Commis cycles." SEC. 2. Subsection (b) of section 307 of not apply to carriers transporting such appa sion to delete previously assigned very ratus without trading in it." the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. high frequency television channels, to give the Commission certain regulatory author 307) is amended by adding at the end thereH. R. 9293 of the following new sentence: “It shall be ity over television receiving apparatus, and for other purposes unlawful for the Commission, in allocating [87th Congress, 1st Session) television channels in the very high freBe it enacted by the Senate and House quency and ultra high frequency bands, (1) IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of Representatives of the United States of to give any undue or unreasonable preferSeptember 19, 1961 America in Congress assembled, That para ence or advantage to any particular municgraph (c) of section 303 of the Communi- ipality, locality, or region, or (2) to subject Mr. HEMPHILL introduced the following bill; cations Act of 1934 is amended by inserting , which was referred to the Committee on immediately before the semicolon at the any particular municipality, locality, or reInterstate and Foreign Commerce end thereof the following: ", but nothing gion to any undue or unreasonable preju dice or disadvantage." to delete the assignment of any television H. RES. 450 [87th Congress, 1st Session) sion to delete previously assigned very high frequency channels) made to any high frequency television channels, to give community on or prior to September 1, 1961, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the Commission certain regulatory author for the purpose of having all commercial August 31, 1961 ity over television receiving apparatus, and and educational television stations in that Mr. THOMSON of Wisconsin submitted the for other purposes community operate on frequencies outside following resolution; which was referred Be it enacted by the Senate and House the frequency band between fifty-four meg- to the Committee on Interstate and Forof Representatives of the United States of acycles and two hundred and sixteen mega- eign Commerce America in Congress assembled, That para- cycles (very high frequency channels)”. graph (c) of section 303 of the CommunicaSEC. 2. Such section 303 is further RESOLUTION tions Act of 1934 is amended by inserting amended by adding at the end thereof the Whereas the Federal Communications immediately before the semicolon at the end following new paragraph: Commission has sought congressional approthereof the following: ", but nothing in "(s) Have authority to require that ap priations in excess of $2,000,000 for the purthis Act shall authorize the Commission to paratus designed to receive television pic pose of conducting a special engineering delete the assignment of any television fretures broadcast simultaneously with sound study of telecasting on ultrahigh frequenquency between fifty-four megacycles and be capable of receiving all frequencies al cies to explore the effectiveness of ultratwo hundred and sixteen megacycles (very located by the Commission to television high-frequency television service, to deterhigh frequency channels) made to any combroadcasting, including frequencies between mine the proper place of ultrahigh frequenmunity on or prior to September 1, 1961, for fifty-four megacycles and two hundred and cies in our nationwide television system, to the purpose of having all commercial and sixteen megacycles (very high frequency educational television stations in that com provide required additional information channels) so allocated on September 1, 1961, upon which basic administrative decisions munity operate on frequencies outside the and to prescribe minimum performance on television channel allocations can propfrequency band between fifty-megacycles and capabilities for such apparatus appropriate erly be made, and to inquire into ways and two hundred and sixteen megacycles (very to such requirement, when such apparatus means of improving ultra-high-frequency high frequency channels)". is traded, shipped, or transported in inter receivers and antennas; and SEC. 2. Such section 303 is further amend- state commerce, or is imported from any Whereas the Eighty-sixth Congress, on the ed by adding at the end thereof the following foreign country into the United States, for new paragraph: basis of the foregoing requests, has approsale or resale to the public.” priated funds in the amount of $2,000,000 “(s) Have authority to require that ap- adding at the end thereof the following new SEC. 3. Title III of such Act is amended by for the conduct of such an experimental paratus designed to receive television pictures section: Commission study of ultra-high-frequency broadcast simultaneously with sound be ca telecasting to be held in New York City; and pable of receiving all frequencies allocated by "PROHIBITION AGAINST SHIPMENT OF CERTAIN Whereas the Commission's ultra-highthe Commission to television broadcasting, TELEVISION SETS frequency study is now only in the preparaincluding frequencies between fifty-four "SEC. 330. No person shall trade, ship, or tory.stage with operations not scheduled to megacycles and two hundred and sixteen transport in interstate commerce, or im- commence until late 1961 and the final remegacycles (very high frequency channels) port from any foreign country into the sults thereof pursuant to a six-month exso allocated on September 1, 1961, and to United States, for sale or resale to the public tension recently requested of Congress by prescribe minimum performance capabilities apparatus described in paragraph (s) of the Commission not scheduled to be ready for such apparatus appropriate to such re- section 303 unless it complies with the re- until January 1963, or thereafter; and Page 13
central foreign aid, Federal aid to education, medi- hard facts involved. I commend his exbankers that the Kennedy administration cal care for the aged. cellent discussion to those willing to was still responding to yeasty pressures, born The basic point in all these clashes is not of the recession, and might not apply suffi- so much their outcome as the means through boil out of the basic issues and face cient discipline to the new upward move- which they are settled. If they are settled them squarely: ment which is now developing. through the democratic processes outlined BOILING OUT BASIC ISSUES The Kennedy administration's commit- in the Constitution then we can still say There are so many ulcer starters in the ment to policies of "compensatory deficits" this is Government of the people, by the world today most folks contend by simply to overcome unemployment has not been lost people, and for the people. For this reason ignoring the unpleasant and concentrating on Europe's chief bankers. Mr. Dillon made we Americans have to trust one another, on the sunny side of life. the point over and over again that the United even and perhaps especially those with whom There is some virtue conceded to looking States would balance its budget in fiscal we disagree. on the bright side but there always come 1963. A few thought Mr. Dillon, like the Now a man like Robert Welch has no such times when the dark side demands attention player queen in Hamlet, "protests too much." trust in his fellow Americans, nor in fact in if disaster is to be avoided. Right now, for Vienna moved the free world's monetary the very processes or democracy. For him instance, Americans need to be aware of the system a step beyond the present ad hoc or every American who promotes the politically war threat. The towering national debt and "play it by ear" arrangements to more for- liberal point of view is a Communist, or a the threat it spawns of run-away inflation mal agreements for a strong IMF. The new collaborator with the Communists, or a dupe are of grave concern to all but the thoughtmoves do not contain the automacity urged of the same. He says such people of a liberal less. The acceleration in recent years of the by some specialists nor is the IMF converted bent of mind are laying the groundwork socialistic trend, the threat to national seinto a supranational bank, as urged by Dr. for a sellout to the Communists. His at curity posed by gangster labor bosses—these Robert Triffin. tempts to undermine people's confidence in problems are ulcer fodder for sure. The hard fact clear from the Vienna meet- their elected and duly appointed representa We ignore them because we feel impotent ings is that the monetary specialists of the tives add nothing to the discussion and pur and incompetent to do anything about them. world are now in position to dictate terms suit of this Nation's hopes and goals. He But they won't just go away so thought under which they assist the dollar. These leads to only a self-defeating fear and dis should be given. terms are simply: budgetary and fiscal re- trust of one another. Perhaps the feeling of futility most of us sponsibility in the United States. The trend of his thought as expressed in have in face of today's complexity develops his "Blue Book" and the dismissal of all because of our inability to think our probpresent political leaders as treacherous or lems down to basic issues where understandinadequate lead to only one possible con ing begins. Perhaps what we call problems clusion: make Welch our dictator. And Extremist Views Sow Distrust are only symptoms of more basic ills. this distilled idea does drop down to at The gulf between right and left, conleast some of his followers. It can be seen, servative and liberal in America has widened EXTENSION OF REMARKS for instance, in letters to the editors in alarmingly and it well may prove to be that OF Chicago papers, which, by the way, give an this fact keys most of the other problems outlandishly large amount of space to this HON. ROMAN C. PUCINSKI besetting us. We talk about creating undersegment of the community's thought. A recent letter in one of the papers wistfully yet we fail to understand each other right standing among the peoples of the world OF ILLINOIS sighed for a dictator to arise amongst us to here at home. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES What is the cause of this lead the Nation from its present peril, a Lincoln-like dictator to be sure, but a dicTuesday, September 26, 1961 widening gap, and what the implications? It is entirely possible and even probable tator. that unless better Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, fol- Welch travels under the disguise of a con better understanding and lowing is an article which recently ap- servative anti-Communist. If his purpose greater tolerance here in America is depeared in the New World, published in were truly to promote the development of could just bog down. We become a Nation veloped, and speedily, our whole society Chicago by the archdiocese of the Ro- conservative thought and win it more popu of extremists with no middle ground, a Naman Catholic Church. lar understanding and support, he would tion wherein the binder of convictions held I believe that Reverend Graney has deserve nothing but praise. Or if his pur in common has been lost. We become a Napose truly were to educate people on the placed this entire question of those who tion divided and as such weakened. philosophy and ambitions of communism, propone extremist views in its proper the need and the difficulty of dealing with it Extremism only becomes dangerous when extremists become monopolists and dominate perspective. effectively, then again his efforts would be thinking. This has become the case today. I think this article will go a long way laudatory. But he destroys the value of both his conservatism and his anticommunism by middle grounder has lost his voice by allow, The average citizen, the common man, the in helping all Americans meet the challenge of Communist subversion and yet his unreasonable insistence that anyone who ing himself to become segmented into special not destroy the basic elements of respect is a Communist, a dupe, etc. interest groups and subsidized into silence. for the views of others so inherent in the The anticommunism of Welch or others He practices escapism by the simple provery structure of our Nation's basic who sail under his banner brings immediate cedure of ignoring problems. Concentration philosophy. denunciation. Those who disagree with his on pleasure has become the sedative, the Father Graney's article follows: accusation that support of a politically lib sleeping pill for the men and women who EXTREMIST VIEWS Sow DISTRUST eral point of view reveals a Communist are used to serve as balance wheel of our society. Extremists rule the day. The liberals left no choice. They have to resist such (By William F. Graney) anticommunism, for they see it doing more openly fight to complete the transformation Maj. Gen. Edwin A. Walker has drawn harm than good. of the American way of life to socialism. sympathy from certain quarters as another The conservatives seek to hold America to anti-Communist suffering for his cause. its origin of individual freedom. Robert Welch, founder of the John Birch Boil away all the semantical camouflage Society which Walker reportedly joined here and confusion and reduce issues to naked in Chicago, and the beleaguered general, are Boiling Out Basic Issues finality and the extremists in America are defended by a line of reasoning that says: fighting the age old battle of freedom versus "How can there be anything bad about an EXTENSION OF REMARKS slavery. anti-Communist? There must be some good Realization of this will be a shocker to OF a man like Welch is doing in alerting Amer many, but the truth stands. We come to icans to the menace of communism. The HON. ROBERT DOLE the final moment of decision-regimentaonly ones being hurt by him are the Com tion or freedom, big government over the munists. Let him run awhile." OF KANSAS masses or big individuals over government, In fact, the Communists are not the ones IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES free enterprise or government control, the being hurt. Welch is not turning up any Tuesday, September 26, 1961 American dream or socialism's sugar-coated Communists. All his efforts only build up a nightmare. spirit of distrust among Americans right Mr. DOLE. Mr. Speaker, almost daily It is ironical that the last exercise of at the very time when trust in one another we hear talk of extremism, its causes and freedom for a free society is the right to may be a most important asset of this embrace regimentation. effects, and it was therefore with great country. interest I read the editorial in the Sep The first step in salvation always is to There are two identifiable lines of potember 20 issue of the Ellsworth Messen identify truth and face reality. The widenlitical thought running through this Na ing gulf between the extremists is a danger tion at the present time. One is called ger, written by Dwight Payton, editor and signal. If we don't face facts and decide liberal, the other conservative. Both of them publisher of that paper. In my opinion issues on the point of truth the decisions are legitimate points of view for Americans, his treatment of the problem is an ob- will be made for us, willy-nilly. Page 14
FIRST AWARENESS son, Sr., of La Marque, and Mayor Lee A. minds of millions of Americans—and also Judge Robinson's first awareness of a heart Robinson, of Texas City. Germans, Frenchmen, Britons, and the peocondition came last February when he was MEMBER OF MASONS ples of many other nations. If war comes hospitalized for several weeks. After con He was a member of Philip Tucker Masonic over Berlin, it will drastically affect the lives tinued rest, he returned to his duties at the Lodge of which he was past master; Knights of a large part of the earth's population. courthouse and apparently was in good Templar, El Mina Shrine, the Fraternal Or For this reason, it is a matter of deep conhealth until he became ill Monday. der of Eagles, Aerie 48, and the Galveston Ki cern to hundreds of millions of people. Judge Robinson participated in the cause- wanis Club. If we do not have war over Berlin, will way dedication ceremonies both on the In 1945 Judge Robinson was elected grand it develop over the future of Laos, Quemoy causeway and at the Moody Center luncheon senior deacon of the Grand Masonic Lodge of and Matsu, the Congo, or any one of the last Wednesday and was one of the principal Texas. He was a member and a trustee of world's many other trouble spots where speakers. First Methodist Church. the forces of freedom are meeting head on . GALVESTON NATIVE Funeral arrangements are being completed with those of communism? A native of Galveston, he was born May 1, by J. Levy & Bros. Funeral Home. I am certain that for years to come we 1901, son of the late Mr. and Mrs. George GENUINE REGRET will have wars, but that they will be small, Robinson. His father served as commission local wars—in Asia, Africa, and Latin Amer News of Judge Robinson's death was reer of waterworks and sewerage of the city ceived with genuine regret throughout Gal ica. I am certain of this because 81 of the of Galveston for two terms. world's Communist parties have openly deveston and the mainland. clared, in a statement adopted unanimously He was educated in the Galveston public County Commissioner Irwin P. Dantin, in Moscow and released last December 7, schools and received his law degree from who served 13 years with Judge Robinson as that they will foment and support such Baylor University. a member of the commissioners' court, said wars—and they are powerful enough to do it. Judge Robinson married Miss Wilhelmina the county had suffered an irreparable loss. Johnson, daughter of Capt. Fred Johnson, Khrushchev said the same thing in his "Judge Robinson was self-sacrificing in his now famous—or notorious—speech of Januprominent Galveston pilot, and Mrs. John- interest in the country and he was loyal in ary 6 this year. The Soviet Communist Party son. They had one daughter, Shirley, and his friendships," Dantin declared. has also forcefully proclaimed the same doca son, Theodore, Jr. trine in the draft program, made public SIX 2-YEAR TERMS on August 1, which will be presented for Judge Robinson served six 2-year terms, adoption at its 22d Congress in October. was just completing his second 4-year term Address by Representative Francis E. This program is a blunt declaration of war and would have come up for reelection in against all free men and nations, and it Walter, of Pennsylvania, Before the next May's primaries. pinpoints the United States as the No. 1 He was first elected to the county judgeDisabled American Veterans Conven- enemy of Communists everywhere. While I feel certain that we will see many ship in November 1942, having been nomi- tion, St. Louis, Mo., August 22, 1961 nated in the primaries, and assumed office small wars in the years ahead, I also feel January 1, 1943, succeeding Judge E. B. certain there will be no war on U.S. soilHolman, who had held the position 20 years. EXTENSION OF REMARKS if we are strong enough. I firmly believe that war will not develop over Berlin-if At the time of his election Judge Robin OF the United States and other free nations son declared: "I am hopeful there will be no precinct lines and that all members of see to it that their strength-military, ecoHON. JOHN W. McCORMACK nomic, political, and spiritual—is always the court will work together for the good OF MASSACHUSETTS greater than that of our Communist enemy. of everyone." IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Khrushchev, the Soviet Communist Party, CREDO IN LIFE and all the Communist parties of the world "This,” according to his colleagues on the Tuesday, September 26, 1961 have declared war on us, yes—but not allcommissioners' court, "was his credo in life, Mr. MCCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, it is out nuclear war. It is a war of destruction and his interest in the city of Galveston a pleasure for me to include in my re- by subversion and every other means short and the county of Galveston never waned marks an address delivered by the gen of all-out military conflict. throughout the years," they declared. This type of war we cannot possible avoid. tleman from Pennsylvania (Mr. WALTER] Shortly after his graduation from college, We are in it, whether we want it or not. at the convention of the Disabled AmerJudge Robinson was named assistant county Our enemy has not only started it, but is attorney under the late D. B. McInerny. ican Veterans, held in St. Louis, Mo., on fighting it vigorously with all means at his He served 10 years in the county attorney's August 22, 1961. There is no person command. We can, if we choose, turn our office, 6 of which he served as first assistant. throughout America who is better quali- backs on this reality. But if we do so, we In addition to McInerny, he served under fied to make an address on the subject will be merely guaranteeing either our evenCounty Attorney Owen D. Barker and that he did than the gentleman from tual enslavement under communism or the under County Attorney Ralph Crawford. Pennsylvania (Mr. WALTER), for no one total nuclear war we want to avoid and which, I believe, we can avoid. IN LEGLATURE knows better than Congressman WALTER, If we turn our backs on this war, the He also represented Galveston County in the evil intent and purposes of inter enemy, because he will be unopposed, will the State legislature, resigning to go into national communism. There is no man inflict a whole series of defeats on us—milithe practice of law. who has fought more courageously to ex- tary, and also economic, political, diplomatic, He was first-sworn into office on January pose Communist activities in America and psychological. His power will grow 1, 1943, by the late Judge J. C. Canty, judge than has the gentleman from Pennsyl steadily. Ours will wane just as steadily. of 10th district court-the oldest district court in Galveston county. vania [Mr. WALTER). Before long, the day will come when he will feel confident that he is so strong and Judge Robinson was proud of his record The address follows: we are so weak that he can deliver an ultiin office, proud of his efforts in obtaining ADDRESS BY REPRESENTATIVE FRANCIS E. WAL- matum-surrender or face annihilation. the extension of the Galveston seawall, proud TER, OF PENNSYLVANIA, TO THE DISABLED Perhaps, we will not even have the luxury of being a part in obtaining another new AMERICAN VETERANS CONVENTION, ST. LOUIS, of surrender. When this day comes, so much causeway for Galveston, proud of the estab Mo., AUGUST 22, 1961 of the world will be under Communist rule lishment of a county health unit, and of the various other projects both on the main It is always a pleasure for me to address and there will be so many millions of restricland and in Galveston which promoted the tive and rebellious people enslaved by Comany veterans' group. It is a particular pleasure for me to address you, the members of munism-and intensely hating their Comprogress and development of the area. the Disabled American Veterans who have munist governments—that the Kremlin will TO WASHINGTON not only fought for your country and the face a tremendous danger of internal rebelOnly a few weeks ago he went to Washing- principles on which it is founded, but have lion that could sweep through the Commuton with Commissioner Paul Hopkins of suffered for it in a way that most veterans, nist world and destroy it. It will literally precinct 3 and other mainland residents such as myself, have not. be sitting on a powder keg. in an effort to obtain relief from flooded I am going to discuss the most important absorption of some 190 or 200 million Amer Could Moscow then risk the "peaceful" conditions in the Highland Bayou and question of our day. It is a question of great Hitchcock area. interest to all veterans, a subject they know icans into its empire-freedom-loving AmerRecently he addressed letters to Texas much about, which they dislike intensely and their spirit of revolt against oppression? icans known for their dedication to liberty Representatives in Congress seeking a salt and, I am sure, hope they will never expe Is it not quite possible that, under these water conversion plant for Galveston. rience again. I am referring, of course, to conditions, Moscow would believe that it In addition to his widow, daughter, and war. More important, I would like to say first had to unleash some nuclear missiles to son, Judge Robinson is survived by a sister, a few words about what you can do to pre teach us Americans a lesson? And then, as Mrs. Helen E. Hemple, of Galveston, and four vent it. its forces occupied our nation after this brothers, George E. Robinson, Jr., and Fred Are we going to get into a war over Berlin? nuclear destruction, would it not also feel F. Robinson, both of Galveston; A. P. Robin- This is a question that is paramount in the that millions of our people would have to be liquidated to make sure that the survivors The same understanding and knowledge of recognizing their enemy and perceiving what had really learned the lesson of nonresis- communism on the part of our leaders and had to be done to protect their freedom? If tance? Who would be liquidated? Why, the a large part of the American people who such courses are not being given, what have most dangerous elements, of course our play so important a role in influencing you done to see that they become a part of political leaders, our clergymen, educators, policy-is absolutely necessary to this coun- your local school curriculum? lawyers, businessmen everyone, young or try's successful conduct of the cold war. How about your local libraries, which are old, male or female, who might offer, or Rule 2-Action. Knowledge that is not among the most powerful opinionmaking attempt to lead, resistance. put to use is wasted. You can become a Page 15
Measure, question, and result
1 Jan. 3 Quorum call... Present. 2 Jan. 3 Election of Speaker. (Rayburn 258, Halleck 170.) Halleck, H. Res. 1, barring George O. Chambers from taking oath as Representative pending investigation by House Administration Committee of congressional election in Indiana's 5th District. 3 Jan, 3 On motion to order previous question (to prerent debate). (Adopted 252 to 166.) Xay. 4 Jan. 31 Quorum call... Present. H. Res. 127, enlarying the Rules Committee from 12 10 15 meinbers: 5 Jan. 31 On agreeing to resolution. (Adopted 217 to 212.) Nay. 6 Mar. 1 Quorum call.... Present. II.R. 480/6, authorizing Federal grants to States for temporary extension of unemployment benefits to workers who have exhausted their bene fits and providing for teniporary unemployment tax increase to take care of cost: Mar. 1 On passage. (Passe:1 392 to 30.... Yea. H. Res. 197, authorizing funds for the Committee on lin-American Activities for 1961: 8 Mar. 1 On adoption of resolution. (Adopted 412 to 6.)... Yea. II.R. 5188, making supplementul appropriations for fiscal 1961: 9 Mar. 7 On anendment providing an additional $29,990,000 for aid to schools in impacted areas. (Adopted 339 to 62.). Nay. 10 Mar. 8 Quorum call.. Present. 11 Mar. 8 Quoruni call. Present. 12 Mar. 9 Quorum call... Present. II.R. 4510, providing for a special program for fced grains for 1961: 13 Mar. 9 On motion to recommit with instructions to delete section permitting Secretary of Agriculture to drive down market price by selling Government-owned corn and grain sorghums at 17 percent below price-support price. (Rejected 196 to 214.).. Yea. 14 Mar. 9 On passage. (Passed 209 to 202.).. Nay. 15 Mar. 10 Quorum call. Present. 16 Mar. 15 Quorum call.. Absent. H.R. 4510, providing for a special program for feeci grains for 1961: 17 Mar. 21 On adoption of conference report. (Adopted 231 to 185.). Nay. 18 Mar. 21 Quorum call.-. Present. H.R. 5463, amending and extending the Sugar Act to Dec. 31, 1962: 19 Mar. 21 On motion to suspend rules and pass bill. (Passerl 284 to 129.). Yea. H.R. 4806, authorizing Federal grants to States for temporary extension of unemployment benefits to workers who had exhausted their benefits and providing for temporary unemployment tax increase to take care of cost: 20 Mar. 22 On adoption of conference report. (Adopteri 363 to 31.).. Yea. 21 Mar. 23 Quorum call.. Present. H.R. 5000, authorizing certain construction at military installations: 22 | Mar. 23 On amendment requiring feasibility study before authorizing $3,812,000 for transferring Food and Container Institute from Chicago, Yea. ni., to Natick, Nass. (Adopted 269 to 145.) 23 Mar. 23 On passage. (Passed 412 to 0.). Yes. 24 Mar, 23 Quorum call. Present. 25 Mar. 23 Quorum call. Present, 26 Mar. 24 Quorum call. Present. H.R. 3935, increasing Federal minimum wage and extending coverage to additional workers on basis of dollar volume of sales of employer: 27 Mar. 24 On amendment substituting language increasing minimum wage to $1.15 an hour and extending corerage to additional workers on busis | Yea. of interstate operations test. (Adopted 216 to 203.). 28 Mar. 24 On motion to recommit. (Rejected 196 to 224.). Yay. 29 Mar. 24 On passage. (Passed 341 to 78.). Yen. 30 Mar. 28 Quorum call.. Present. 31 Mar. 29 Quorum call.. Present. S. 1, authorizing $394,000,000 in Federal loans and grants for redevelopment of economically depressed areas: 32 Mar. 29 On motion to recommit with instructions to substitute bill 11.R. 5943. (Rejected 126 to 291.).. Yes. 33 | Mar. 29 On passage. (Passed 251 to 167.)... Nay. 34 Apr. 11 Quorum call.. Present. 35 Apr. 13 Quorum call.... Present. 36 | Apr. 18 Quorum call.... Present. 37 Apr. 19 | Quorum call.. Present. 8. 912, providing 70 additional circuit and district judgeships: 38 Apr, 19 On passage. (Passed 336 to 76.). Nay. 39 | Apr. 20 Quorum call. Present. H.R. 6027, liberalizing certain social security benefits and increasing social security tux: 40 Apr. 20 On passage. (Passed 400 to 14.). Yes. 41 Apr. 25 Quorum call. Present. H.R. 6518, making appropriations for inter-American social and economic program and the Chilean reconstruction program: 42 Apr. 25 On passage. (Passed 330 to 32.). Yea. 43 Apr. 26 Quorum call. Present. $. 1, authorizing $394,000,000 in Federal loans and grants for redevelopment of economically depressed areas: 44 Apr. 26 On adoption of conference report. (Adopted 223 to 193.). Nay. 45 May 3 | Quorum call.. Present. H.R. 3935, increasing Federal minimum wage and extending coverage on dollar-volume test: 46 May 3 On adoption of conference report. (Adopted 230 to 196.). Nay. H.R. 6441, increasing annual Federal grants for sewage treatment works from $50,000,000 to $100,000,000 and the overall limit from $500,000,000 to $1,000,000,000: 47 May 3 On motion to recommit with instructions to reduce annual funds to $75,000,000 and overall limit to $750,000,000 and to require States after Yea. June 1964 to match all funds in excess of $50,000,000 annually. (Rejected 165 to 256.) 48 May 3 On passage. (Passed 308 to 110)... Yay. 49 May 4 Quorum call.. Present. 50 | May 9 Quorum call..... Present 61 May 10 Quorum call.... Absent. 52 May 11 Quorum call. Present. H.R. 2010, extending Mexican farm lahor program for 2 years: 63 May 11 On passage. (Passed 231 to 157). Yea. H.R. 6094, increasing annual salary ceiling for Council of Economic Advisers personnel from $345,000 to $2,000,000: 54 May 11 On motion to recommit with instructions to reduce salary ceiling to $700,000. (Rejected 151 to 196.). Xot roting. 55 | May 11 On passage. (Passed 200 to 137.). Nay. 56 May 15 Quoruin call... Present. 67 May 10 Quorum call.. Present. Ħ. Res. 284, providing for consideration of II. R. 4614, establishing a l'.s. Trarel Service in Department of Commerce: 58 May 16 On agreeing to resolutiou. (Adopted 241 to 70.). Yay. 59 May 16 Quorum call.. Present. 60 May 17 Quorum call.. Present. I. Con. Res. 20, expressing sense of Congress favoring collective sanctions by the Organization of American States against Castro govern ment of Cuba: 61 May 17 On motion to suspend rules and pass resolution. (Passed 404 to 2.).-- Yea. E.R. 4614, establishing a V.S. Travel Service in Departinent of Commerce: 62 May 17 On passage. (Passed 305 to 104.)-- Nay. 63 May 24 Quorum call. Present. 3. 1852, authorizing additional construction of aircraft, missiles, and nuval vessels in fiscal 1962: 64 May 24 On passage. (Passed 102 to 0.)... Yea. H.R. 1950, repealing provision intended to precent railroads from charging higher rates for carrying non-first-class mail than for carrying ex press matter: 65 | May 25 On motion to recommit with instructions to add amendment requiring the ICC to publish the difference in rates paid to the railroads | Nay. by the Post Office and Railway Express Agency for carrying similar weight commodities. (Rejected 16 to 346.) 66 June 1 Quorum call.. Present L.R. 7371, making appropriations for Departments of State and Justice, the judiciary, and related agencies for fiscal 1962: 67 June 1 On passage. (Pussed 250 to 71.).. Yea. 68 June 6 Quorum call Present. 69' June 6 Quorum call. Present. Footnotes at end of table. Page 16
These new titles are likewise embraced in remember that intimate gathering well. I to Mayor Joseph Canfield of Mishawaka H.R. 6909: am sure that others of the 34 members of concerning the new paper: Hon. JOSEPH CANFIELD, Office of the Mayor, City Hall, Mishawaka, Ind.: Congressman BRADEMAS has told me that Kennedy Rogers at the luncheon largely toward securing a your city will have a daily newspaper for the pay raise for Justice Department personnel. first time in 33 years. I know that this must Office on Syndicated Crime.-- Yes 1.. be a great satisfaction to the people of Yo. While I attempted to discuss at length or- Outlaw terroristic criminal | No... Yes. Mishawaka and to you personally as their offenses. than successful. chief executive of the city. Outlaw criminal business No... Yes. expenditures. But setting the record straight is of sec A daily newspaper can be a dynamic facWiretapping relating to organ- Yes... So. tor in a city's progress and prosperity. Moreondary importance to the far more pressing izeul irine. problem of effectively curbing the crime mo over, a free press can contribute to the citiguls who are gnawing at the moral vitals zens of the individual community just as it i Brod crime commission. of America and sapping its economic vital can educate the entire Nation. I have been especially interested in the ity. Thus, despite our present impasse, I I wish the Mishawaka Times and the peo ple of Mishawaka every success in this enestablishment of an Office on Syndicated suggest you join me in my continuing anti deavor. Crime. Originally urged by rackets-buster crime fight on the legislative front. Much Muton Wessel, such an Office would assem JOHN F. KENNEDY. remains to be done, including three of your ble, correlate and disseminate intelligence own proposals not enacted this session-imfrom all sources, Federal and State, relating munity of witnesses, obstruction of justice, and gambling devices shipment. to organized crime. I should, therefore, appreciate a meeting How can we hope effectively to fight or “Trust": A Program To Employ the with you, not your subordinates, at the earliganized crime if we don't know what it is, who is involved, how it operates, and how est opportunity in planning for the 1962 leg Physically Handicapped islative allout anticrime effort. far it permeates our society? In addition, I strongly urge the following: Since you yourself had urged the creation EXTENSION OF REMARKS 1. That J. Edgar Hoover be permitted to of a Federal Crime Commission, a little over a year ago, which goes much farther than testify at our future hearings, which was demy proposal, and had renewed your advocacy nied even during the 1961 hearings; HON. KEN HECHLER during the recent presidential campaign, I 2. That you make available to the House cannot understand why, now that you are in Judiciary Committee the two reports-Mafia OF WEST VIRGINIA Italy and Mafia-Sicily—which you hereto- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a position to implement your idea, you have fore refused to furnish on committee reabandoned it. I cannot understand how I Saturday, September 23, 1961 quest; am monkey wrenching your program simply because I have not given up the fight for 3. That you give further consideration to Mr. HECHLER, Mr. Speaker, I would a sound syndicated crime information center supporting additional measures to fight or- like to recognize and call attention to an ganized crime, particularly the Office on Syn- outstanding public service program beto help local law enforcement agencies. dicated Crime proposal embodied in H.R. The merit of a crime clearinghouse is un6909. ing provided for the people of West Virquestioned. I make this statement not on I look forward to our meeting in the near ginia, southeastern Ohio, and eastern my own authority, but rather on the authority of every recognized witness who testified future. I am hopeful it will produce useful Kentucky by station WSAZ-TV in Huntand worthwhile results. ington, W. Va. before our Judiciary Committee during our With kindest personal regards, I am, In addition to its regular public seryrecent hearings on organized crime. Sadly, Sincerely, the only opposition to my Office on Syndi ice programs, WSAZ-TV has been pro WILLIAM C. CRAMER, cated Crime proposal came from you and ducing since May 20, 1961, a program Member of Congress. your assistant, Mr. Miller. called "Trust." This program is unique Since, for some unexplained reason, break in that its sole purpose is to help find ing entirely with committee custom and employment for the physically handipractice, those hearings have not yet been printed, I cannot send you a copy of them The Mishawaka Times capped people residing in the tristate region. in order that you might peruse and confirm Primarily, the program is designed to my statement. EXTENSION OF REMARKS It is certainly true, as Mr. Dixon reported, help the handicapped surmount the that I quizzed you briefly, during your biggest hurdle—that of getting an interappearance before our committee. I had HON. JOHN BRADEMAS view with a potential employer. A spebeen given special permission to participate cial time was selected-early Saturday in the hearings due to Chairman CELLER'S OF INDIANA afternoon-to try and attract some porecognition of my longstanding and active IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tential employers who might view the interest in the anticrime field. Unfortunately, my omnibus bill, H.R. 6909, Wednesday, September 27, 1961 program and see the capabilities of hanwas not officially before the subcommittee dicapped people. Consciously or not, Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, for at the time. This, despite the fact that a the first time, beginning on September interview with handicapped people by these employers would have their first subsequently introduced measure (H.R. 7039) 5, 1961, the citizens of Mishawaka, Ind., means of television. was. It was not until several days after During the prothe hearings had begun that the chairman have their own daily newspaper. gram, specially selected handicapped officially took cognizance of my bill and then In this era when the rising costs of persons appear on the program and disonly in a limited fashion. production discourage the creation of cuss their background and the type of So it was that, when the opportunity to new daily newspapers, the birth of the work they can perform. Emphasis is question you was afforded me, far from dis- Mishawaka Times is an encouraging placed on the training individuals recussing my measure, you pleaded ignorance sign. of it. You had not seen or read it and thus ceive, age, lengthy of unemployment, Although Mishawaka was first incorwere not familiar with its contents. And, as porated as a city in 1869, the city has marital status, salary expected, and when I recall the situation, when I attempted to they can report for work. press you on one of my legislative suggesnever had a daily newspaper. Following I want to commend WSAZ-TV for tions, I was summarily cut off by the chair. 2 years of research, Publishers John Dille providing a vital link in aiding those who man and the hearings were adjourned. and John A. Scott, of Elkhart, Ind., were are physically handicapped. This is a Since that time I have attempted, on nu- convinced that Mishawaka, with a popu- wonderful example of the initiative takmerous occasions, to discuss aspects of my lation of 34,000, could support a daily en by local citizens to carry out Presiprogram with you to enlist your advocacy paper. The managing editor of the dent Kennedy's program for employfor them. My attempts, regretably, have Times is James P. McNeile. met with failure. But attempts there were ment of the physically handicapped. I am pleased to salute the Mishawaka whether or not your secretaries kept a rec “Trust" is written and produced by Times and to wish it well in the pursuit Mrs. Leda P. Lewis, who has been unord-and I was shunted off to some of your many assistants whenever I asked to discuss of truth and service to the Mishawaka tiring in her efforts to aid the handianticrime measures. community. capped. Mrs. Lewis has also been very Of course, it is true that we did, on one At this point in the RECORD I include active in helping to carry out the Presioccasion, "break bread and ice" together. I the text of President Kennedy's telegram dent's program to combat juvenile de Page 17
profits taxes, refusing to turn to sales and has happened in a number of other interstate under construction, making this similar taxes. States where those States have lost Fed- a toll facility. That will then eliminate apOur Federal Government is alone in delaying eral matching funds because the state proximately 85 miles of the interstate be tween there. And we were alerted that is to recognize that reform of oppressive rates has built competing toll roads, obviously what they were about to do, and I don't has been a key to the recent spectacular eco at the time without realizing the long- know what decision will be made. nomic growth of other nations. range result. Being familiar with these Mr. CRAMER. In other words, initially, as I Tax reform is dead for 1961. This session precedents, as one of the ranking mem- understood it, the parkway was to go through of Congress isn't going to pass any signifi- bers on the Public Works Committee and Gainesville and over to Jacksonville, is that cant legislation. the Roads Subcommittee of the House, correct? Here's a table from the September bulletin and having consulted with the Bureau Mr. PETERSON. That is right. of the First National City Bank of New of Public Roads on the question, I felt it Mr. CRAMER. And all agreements were York, comparing sources of total revenues of central governments, which should be an my duty to prevent the State of Florida reached and plans were made with regard to from suffering financial loss and the par- have a route covering the east coast of permitting the Interstate System to also eye-opener to every thoughtful citize tial destruction of the free highway sys- Florida from Jacksonville to Miami and it (Percent) tem, perhaps unwittingly, in its planning was done in a way that was in conformity for the parkway extension. with your regulations, is that correct? Mr. PETERSON. That is right. Country IDA'S WEST COAST Mr. CRAMER. As I understand the regulaIncome, Sales, other capital tions, you cannot have an Interstate System tares Earlier in the year, in a cooperative freeway in close proximity, paralleling a toll manner, I pointed out to the new Bryant facility. Is that correct? t'nited States...... S6 14 Mr. PETERSON. As far as I know, you canNew Zealand 36 its proposals at that time which definite- not, because you are conflicting with free Canada... 40 Australia.. enterprise. I believe that was the decision 59 41 ly would have imperiled Florida's free South Africa. 44 system Interstate 75 on the west coast. they made on Highway 9 down there and they Netherland. 54 46 l'nited Kingdom. 411 These objections have resulted in the set up certain stipulations that if the toli Sweden... road authority would agree to letting them 53 47 a Japan... a 77.2 mile toll trap into Interstate 75 letter to that effect, and other understandDenmark. 59 Belgium. 61 ings, they could build it. Spain. 39 61 wood as a substitute for equal mile- Mr. CRAMER. If, in fact they build this Mexico. 63 Brazil. 66 age on the free Interstate System in the parkway from Gainesville to Alachua, you France.. 31 69 same area connecting that toll link up say they will lose 85 miles on the present Switzerland. 31 69 Interstate System? Turkey. 29 Norway. Mr. PETERSON. On present 75, sir. lando south to Fort Pierce. 28 Italy. 74 Since that time, Governor Bryant has Mr. CRAMER. Where does 75 go from and West Gerniany. to in that area? Soviet l'nion.. 85 denied he ever made such a proposal, Mr. PETERSON. Route 75 comes from Valbut the record speaks for itself and I dosta, Ga., where you hit the State line, If more taxes are deemed essential, there'll cite that record hereafter. through Lake City, down through the cenbe the greatest support ever for a general First, in the March hearings before tral part of the State, and goes eventually sales tax—and from an astounding number our Special Subcommittee on Federal into Tampa. high-level labor leaders and liberal Aid Highways, on March 9, 1961, under Mr. CRAMER. In the Alachua-Ocala area? Democrats too. interrogation by me, Mr. W. C. Peterson, Mr. PETERSON. That is right. Mr. CRAMER. So, therefore, that could posdivision engineer, Bureau of Public sibly mean Florida would lose its allocation Roads, Tallahassee, Fla., the following on interstate money for 85 miles of the inrecord of the testimony will show he Cramer's Effort To Save Florida's Free testified as follows: terstate road presently approved, is that right? Interstate Highway System Despite Mr. CRAMER. I have one other question. Mr. PETERSON. That would have to be deYou indicated that your fundamental prob cided by higher echelons. I don't know Construction of Sunshine State Parklem was lack of a long-range program which whether that is right or not, sir. I presume way Toll Road Wins Bureau of Public is needed, and I understand presently there that is correct. We made the 1961 estimate, is now, under the new administration, dis- we have it completed and whether or not Roads Approval and Gains Headway cussions about rerounting the Sunshine this would be deducted from that estimate, I don't know. Providing It Is Not Now Contracted Parkway which is the toll facility going down the east coast of Florida, and there was con Mr. CRAMER. Would it result in a person Away by Toll Authority siderable discussion under the previous ad traveling on 75 having to use a portion of ministration and a lot of negotiation, was the parkway, which is a toll facility, in order SPEECH there not, in determining whether to inte- to negotiate the full route? Mr. PETERSON. That is right, he would have to ride 85 miles on a toll facility. HON. WILLIAM C. CRAMER State to parallel the toll facility, with a Mr. CRAMER. Isn't that contrary to the freeway, was there not? basic policies of the Interstate System proOF FLORIDA Mr. PETERSON. That is right. gram, that it should be freeways? IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. CRAMER. And that problem was finally Mr. PETERSON. Well, I believe it is, but I worked out, after lengthy consultations? can't be certain about those things. Those Tuesday, September 26, 1961 Mr. PETERSON. Yes, sir. are legal questions, I believe. Mr. . CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, for Mr. CRAMER. The reason I mentioned it is, Mr. CRAMER. And now, after some 512 here is another example, right or wrong, on months since the State of Florida an years, since the Interstate System was sup the long-range merits and I am not sugnounced its intention to construct the posedly fixed, the State finds itself in a po gesting whether it is right or wrong, but extension of the Sunshine State Park- sition, as far as your responsibilities are con here is an example, is it not, of where lack way, presently existing from Miami to cerned, of having to contemplate a new loFort Pierce, to Orlando and Ocala and north, is that correct? of long-range planning in Florida becomes cation for that expressway, Orlando to the very difficult from your standpoint, is that Wildwood, I have been fighting to pre not correct? Mr. PETERSON, What I know about that is serve all parts of the Interstate System that I attended a meeting at the road board Here is a very substantial change in the that might be affected by this toll road, about a month ago. A man was there who routing of the Sunshine Parkway, which can which includes Interstate 75 serving the was in chargeI guess he is with the Sun affect the Interstate System measurably, be ing made by the new administration, after west coast and Interstate 95 serving shine State Parkway, and they had a con you have relied for some 6 years under the Florida's east coast, and thus paving the sulting engineer, and they asked Mr. Ander- previous administration that the route was way for proper planning for the parkway son, our regional engineer, to attend this fixed. Is that correct? as well. meeting. What they proposed to do is ex- Mr. PETERSON. That is my understanding, It has been my consistent effort to tend the Sunshine State Parkway from Fort Pierce northwestward to Orlando, from make certain that the State of Florida Orlando to Gainesville and from Gainesville Mr. CRAMER. That is all. would take no toll road action that would to Ocala, and then north to the little town Secondly, after further consideration jeopardize the free Interstate System as called Alachua, where we already have the of the matter and consultation with some Page 18
lion in wheat and the tremendous acreage to punish all those "gamblers” who refused The Brannan plan was put forward by in other principal crops. to go into the feed grain program for 1961. Charles F. Brannan in 1949. It proposed, Nor is the tobacco program all on the Actually, they were attacking the 60 per- through the use of payments and other de plus side. Individual allotments are getcent of the corn producers who wanted no vices, to broaden Federal aid programs to in- ting smaller and smaller; exports are declinpart of these supply-management schemes. clude almost every farm product. The in- ing. In the principal types of tobacco, an Here we have the Government determining clusion of additional commodities in any acre which has an allotment has a very what is a "reasonable" price—for reasonable program for direct Federal aid would cost high value as compared to an acre without substitute the word "regulated." more money. an allotment. As an example, an acre of In a recent press release, the Department Estimates of the Brannan plan budget Flue-cured tobacco land in Pitt County, N.C., of Agriculture announced that it intended varied. It would have been expensive-no in 1957 was worth $2,500; an acre alongside to sell 850 million bushels of corn during doubt of that not because of payments, but it without an allotment was worth $100 or the next marketing year. This is 17 million rather because of the maximum number of less, a difference of $2,400. This is fanbushels of corn a week. Certainly, if they crops that were to be covered. The cost of a tastic, but it illustrates the artificial value accomplish this objective, the price of corn program which uses direct payments to pro- which can accrue to land covered by a Govwill be low. The feed grain-livestock ratios ducers will depend, obviously, upon the ernment allotment. will be high, and as Secretary Freeman has number of products included and the rate The replacement of the existing system in said, cheap feed grain means cheap livestock of payments. tobaccco would have tremendous repercusprices. Estimates on the cost of a payments pro- sions. The same thing is true, to a lesser Thus, we can expect in the fall of 1962, gram can only be uncertain in their ac- extent, for all the other crops with Governa situation under which livestock prices will curacy. If confined to the limited number of ment allotments. be driven down, and the administration will troublesome surplus crops, such a plan prob- Some advocates of more drastic controls be coming forth with its program to solve ably would be considerably less costly than want to shift to a unit basis. A producer the problem which it itself created. The the $4 billion being spent annually in the would be given a marketing allotment in solution that they will offer is the one which name of farm aid. terms of bushels, bales or pounds. the supply managers have always offered Several billion dollars have gone to farm- This unit method was tried out on cotton that is, production and marketing limita ers in the form of payments from the Treas- and tobacco before World War II. The acts tions. This is their real objective. In the ury since 1933. The soil bank is a program which authorized it were repealed after the meantime, farm income will be destroyed whereby farmers are paid money out of the Supreme Court outlawed the original Agrifor the producers of cattle and hogs. The Treasury to take land out of production. It cultural Adjustment Act. If that act, so cry will be made that the open market does is a payments program. Congress reasoned, was unconstitutional, so not work. Obviously, it cannot work when Some persons oppose payments so vehe- were the tobacco and cotton acts. Also the the Federal Treasury is used to destroy it. mently that one might infer there is someYou are going to hear much about how thing morally and ethically wrong with the men administering the tobacco and cotton acts were pretty glad to get rid of them. much this program has saved the American idea. This, of course, is nonsense. A pay- They were headaches and were increasingly taxpayer. Keep in mind that there are those ments program, as a substitute for the exist- unpopular with the farmers. familiar with agriculture who are saying: ing loan program, would do six things: This administration by its feed grain sales In 1938 Flue-cured and burley tobacco 1. Stop expenditure of hundreds of milpolicy has reduced corn producers' income producers again were given poundage quotas. lions yearly for storing grain. for 1960-61 by at least $100 million. At the After 1 year the growers discarded unit con 2. End a pattern of commodities being same time it has forced an additional 100 trols and went back to acreage allotments. tossed onto domestic markets to avoid spoilmillion bushels of corn into the 1961 crop The unit approach is very drastic indeed. age, and in so doing depressing prices. corn loan. While an attempt will be made Such a scheme probably would have to be 3. Make export subsidy expense unnecesto charge this cost to the previous adminis extended all across the board. If feed grains sary. tration, knowledgeable people will know are controlled, what about livestock? 4. Thus end a practice that brings cries of better. The reduction in production result livestock is controlled, what about poultry, "Yankee imperialist" whenever American ing from the feed grain program will be farm products are subsidized into markets and so on. I don't believe the regimentation very small. that smaller farmers in free nations consider required for the unit system would set well Costs will be tremendous. Remember that their own. with the farmers or other people. I think soybeans under a program, which had oper there would be black markets all over the ated up to now at practically no cost, will 5. Directly bolster farm buying power with place. I don't think it would work well or become a commodity owned by Commodity every dollar spent; whereas much of the $4 be kept very long. The result would be a Credit Corporation, with all the attendant billion now being expended annually in the king-sized hangover with solution of the name of agricultural support does not go to Government costs. Remember, that the Govfarmers, farm problem further off than ever. ernment is paying out some $700 million 6. Reduce the cost of eating. Acreage allotments for crops in surplus in an attempt to reduce feed grain pro The reasons for the reduction in storage may have to be continued, but I feel that we duction by 10 percent. Remember that the Government will be acquiring several hunand export costs are immediately apparent. must recognize that tightening controls on So is the reason for the decrease in the con- almost all farms is not the way out. dred million bushels of corn at $1.20, and selling back at least as much at about $1.00 sumer's food bill. By direct action, loans There is production control in industry. per bushel. Remember that the Governraise the price of farm products. Payments The answer to a slump is to cut down out put. This is easy for industry, where the diment forced under 1960 loan about 100 mil- operate indirectly and have a comparatively rection of production is concentrated and in lion additional bushels of corn. Add it all minor effect on food costs. up, they say, and you will find a neat pack The board of trade feels that a payments a comparatively few hands. But there are millions of farmers, agriculture being the age that couldn't be bought for less than program would be highly constructive for other valid reasons. $1 billion of your own money. One is that it would last bulwark of small business. Production When all the costs are pulled together, the free markets. This would enable the com- is so widely diffused that drastic controls on a farm-to-farm basis become tough, really taxpayer may find he has spent up to $3 modity exchanges to perform the functions per bushel for corn not produced, has lost for which they were established. It would tough. the great advantage of the open market to be in the interests of the board of trade. To repeat, it is time—and past time to the bureaucracy, and that there will emerge We also think a program that frees the look at this farm problem carefully and obthe demand for more controls. Controls markets is in the interest of everyone con- jectively. There are a lot of misconceptions breed controls. This is a lesson which all cerned-provided, of course, it also gives which stand in the way of progress. history has taught. the producers their fair share of the national One trouble with the thinking in some cirIf a fundamental fault of existing farm income. cles is that the farm programs were deprograms is support price loans, is there an Payments would permit a more flexible signed primarily to help the little fellow. alternative? We need some way to increase farm program and one which would make The fact that large benefits go to the bigger farm income during this period of adjust- it relatively easy for the Federal Govern operators is pointed to as proof that somement. What should we do if the things ment eventually to get out of the business thing is radically wrong. That does not folwe are doing are wrong? of trying to run the details of farming. low. Admittedly there should be some limThe Chicago Board of Trade has advocated Another alternative to the existing pro- itations of farm benefits. I see no reason to the substitution of direct payments to pro- gram would be much stricter controls and subsidize city men who make their living in ducers for support price loans. These would much higher support prices. Judging from town and also own a lot of land. But today not be payments across the board because the past, the move toward stricter controls it is not the little man alone who needs as80 percent or more of farm commodities now for all commodities is the wrong move. sistance; it is the men who produce most of move in a free atmosphere, but would be Production control to date has not been our food and fiber, the good, capable farmers. payments for commodities now in trouble successful. I cannot repeat too often or emphasize and only on an interim basis. Its proponents point to tobacco. One too strongly that an essential step toward a I am quite surprised at the reaction in must not forget that tobacco represents a solution of this farm problem is to undersome quarters to this simple and logical idea. very unusual situation. The acreage of to- stand what it is all about. Page 19
With rare exceptions, broadcasters are sensi- million children under the age of 12 look For those of you who do not believe this tive to the need for change. The mood for at television. Thirteen million will be viewand those of you who disagree with our change is in the air, and the evidence of ers at 5 o'clock this afternoon, 15 million at view regarding censorship, I invite you to change is slowly but surely coming on the 6, 18 million at 7, 17 million at 8. During explore this with us at law. air. that especially frantic period in most homes One case recently decided by the Com- Right now you have a full year to glimpse before dinner when so many mothers are mission is on its way to court now, and our the new while reexamining the old-and to busy, young children spend much of their courts are the proper place to settle any think very seriously about where your re- . time before the television screen, often mesissues which you may think are unresolved. sponsibilities should lead you next year. merized and hypnotized by what they see For my part, I asure you that I will welcome It is with this in mind that I want to and learn. this clarification, whatever the outcome. speak with you about the current broadcast At the far end of the spectrum is that Even in advance of that, however, I think season-for this is the season of decision. minority—and I underline minority of tel. we can learn something about the mean- This year, the country will be in your debt evision for children which does them obviing of the word "censorship" from a recent for the heavier emphasis on news and public ous, documented, emotional harm. Some incident familiar to all of you. Intelligent, affairs offered in the network schedules. recent testimony before Senator Dodd's comresponsible and well-meaning people in- You know better than I how urgent it is to mittee included deeply disturbing thoughts sisted last week that the FCC do something give the public as much information as pos- about what has guided some few programs to prevent the broadcast of an episode of sible in these terrible times. A democracy developed for children. the Jack Paar Show, filmed in Berlin. Let depends for survival upon the wisdom of For its historic value, to see where we me read to you one telegram sent to me last informed citizens called upon to make pain- have been, let me quote some recent testiweek by a sincerely concerned citizen: ful decisions. The powerful voice of radio mony before the Senate by a brave television “I do not know if your Commission has and television can be the major contribution packager who frankly described the past. jurisdiction over the type of program pre- to the people's knowledge, or through abuse, He read a memorandum prepared for a netsented by Mr. Jack Paar tonight but if you democracy's doom. work program executive, describing some do and if you had prior knowledge of the There are hopeful indications of fewer program ideas which—and I quote—“Will shallow and callous manner in which he was "crime-evening" hours this year. We hear hold the kids." Making the hero—and again going to treat a matter which is torturing that much unnecessary violence is ending I quote--"tough and hard to get against a millions of people throughout the world up on the cutting room floor. The NAB, violent physical action background with a then you and your entire Commission should under the wise leadership of Governor Col- seductive beautiful girl each week, should resign at once. If you had no power to pro- lins, has renewed its emphasis on the en get the result we all want.” These and hibit its harm then your office or whichever forcement of the industry radio and similar ideas, the memorandum continues— one had or should have had this power is a television codes. The FCC will help in any again I quote "will please the critics and mockery." way it can to further this enlightened self- the PTA and at the same time be sexier, The FCC is not going to evaluate anyone's discipline. be more violent, and have more conflict." judgment in producing that program. We There are signs of renewed vitality at the The memo even includes a definition of all may have our personal views about the local station level, with more dedicated "conflict"_"he's got his clothes off, he's trywisdom or lack of it in planning the pro- determination to serve the needs of the ing to put them back on and she won't let gram, the risks involved, the reflection on local community. him: conflict." the maturity and intelligence of our great Changes cannot occur this afternoon. But Of one thing I am sure. That approach Nation at a time of awesome crisis. But for these are welcome signs, at a time when has not in any conceivable manner fooled the FCC to have suppressed its broadcast you are planning and making hard choices the critics and the PTA. A review in the would have been censorship in its most for the coming year. PTA magazine of a network children's teledeplorable form. I repeat: the FCC will not And while you are making these choices, vision show offered this chilling description: and cannot have any part of censorship. I know that some of you are turning your "A coarse voice, a crude vocabulary, a vulThat is the law, and that is the only way attention, as we at the FCC have done, to gar enunciation, atrocious grammar, bestial to maintain broadcasting in a free society. the 70 million children's hours spent each grunts, howls, yowls, shrieks, gargles, croaks, The broadcasting privilege is in your day with television. The FCC is doing its hands. If the will to use it well is there, part. In our new broadcast forms, we pro spittings, and other hideous and uncouth noises emanate from throat and stomach it is more powerful assurance of mature re- pose to ask licensees about their efforts to to produce the unsavory stew that's poured sponsibility thin anything that Govern- provide programs for children. This is the over your child every Saturday morning in ment regulation can ever bring about. And first time in the history of the FCC that the hope of eliciting the right answer to the if the will is not there, then in the long this question has been asked, and I hasten sponsor's question: "What's for dessert?'" run you can only hurt yourselves and your to add that the credit for this improvement The quotations I read from the Senate country. And as citizens you alone will bear belongs to the Commission under the lead testimony represent only one end of the specthe responsibility of wasting one of the Naership of Fred Ford last year. trum, and I cannot believe it represents a tion's precious resources. There are at least a dozen important prob typical approach to children's programing. Your judgmentbased on a constant lems I should like to discuss with you today, awareness of your responsibilities, must de We can all agree, I hope, that this concept problems of mutual concern to you and the termine the course of programing—but I FCC. But to me, the subject of surpassing of television fare is inexcusable. At the other end of the spectrum are assure you that we intend to take your re- signific: nce, the compelling need which I sponsibilities as seriously as we take our those programs, again unfortunately in the believe requires your most urgent attention own. minority, which have some beneficial effects as you plan for next year, is for some serious In holding you to these responsibilities, thought about the 70 million children's on some children. These programs—and however, we recognize that the key men in there are hopeful signs that they are inhours. networks have a problem that is unique in creasing in number—are designed to uplift, And so today I want to talk with you about broadcasting. For while a station manager television and our children. inspire, illuminate, and inform. is usually concerned with the day's sched But now-in the middle of the spectrum In the course of our work, we at the FCC ule-network heads and the men who assist have read and studied books, pamphlets, neither help nor harm, which neither elevate is this larger area of children's shows which them in making decisions are preoccupied printed lectures, speeches and theses on this with "What comes next?”—a few months subject. We have been exposed to all shades nor debase, which neither lead nor mislead. ahead, in the case of programing currently of opinion. These programs, and they are in the mascheduled; and they must plan even a year jority, stimulate neither sadistic tendencies I have personally come to the same concluor more ahead in arranging next season's nor intellectual curiosity. They arouse sion as one of the authors, and I quote: "For lineups. Often, tomorrow's broadcast was thoughts neither of mayhem nor creativity. some children under some conditions, some last year's decision. These are the timewaster shows; they are television is harmful—some television is Many of you in this room have the power dull, grey, and insipid like dishwater, just as beneficial-most television is neither harmto decide what 120 million of Americans ful nor beneficial.” tasteless, just as nourishing. will be seeing and hearing for an average of The timewaster shows occupy most of the On first reading, this conclusion seems to 200 minutes a day. Your decisions will say nothing. On reflection, I think it says a viewing hours of our children. They hold shape people's knowledge, their opinions, good deal. down, and babysit. Period. their understanding and their future. We all know that the potential of televi To you who decide what to broadcast, I This means that you must have much leadsion to help or hurt our children is enor direct my question: is this enough? Are time to prepare for new programing-time mous. We know that television occupies you sufficiently harnessing the vast power for to create, to dream, to negotiate, to sell, to more of a child's time each year than school, good-are you providing our children with produce, to schedule. or than church. And in some homes, chil- the unique values of television to educate, It also means that right now is the time dren spend more time with their TV sets to awaken, to enrich their lives? to take a long look at the result of last year's than with their parents. (Parenthetically, I don't accept the proposition advanced by decisions as they come up shortly in the many parents spend more time with their TV some that TV itself causes juvenile delinfall schedule. This is a critical season be- sets than with their children.) quency. But shouldn't TV be a major cause of juvenile development? I am skeptical only excuse, I must suggest that there is casters use them as the people's trustees in about the charge that the sex and violence something fundamentally wrong with a the public interest, then the slide rule on TV cause teenage immorality. But system in which the potential of reaching measurement of markets and merchandisdoesn't TV have the duty to contribute the homes of 14 million children is not ing cannot be controlling. These commerheavily to teenage responsibility? Page 20
American Activities written by Pulitzer “We had been forewarned, however, of the Constitution. I want to congratulate Prize Winner Edward J. Mowery: course taken by these minority justices in these young people for their interest and several recent Supreme Court decisions, of enthusiasm, and extend my congratulaWASHINGTON.—The peril posed by the which I believe the entire country has taken Communist threat to America's survival, note and at which most of us stand aghast. tions to the Francis Broward Chapter Representative FRANCIS E. WALTER warned "Members of the minority wish to work of the DAR for the patriotism they yesterday, is both "real and grave." their personal will against Congress consti- have demonstrated by sponsoring this As to the frantic efforts by certain ele tutional prerogatives, to advance their own contest. ments seeking "abolition" of the House Un views as to proper subjects for legislative The essays follow: American Activities Committee, its chairman investigation * and the course the indeclared: MY INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM UNDER THE quiry should take. "The anemic public response to this cam CONSTITUTION "This minority (in weighing HUAC conpaign is heartening and augurs well for the tempt cases) seems hypnotized by the ex (By Denise Ouimet) abiding patriotism, circumspection, and in pression, 'exposure for exposure's sake,' a As I kneel here in church, I think; first of telligence of most Americans." phrase which has re-echoed between Court all, I think it is awfully hot in here. I wish Stressing that the Communist "masters and leftwing circles. I was outside, breathing the clean, fresh air. of the Kremlin" have already enslaved 900 "Somehow, the word 'exposure' has been And then I see Maria, Maria is from Cuba. million people and have predicted that the downgraded in the process. Exposure is rev She is in my class at school. Then I think hammer and sickle will fly over the United elation, education-the bringing forth of what it must be like to be shut out of States in another generation, the Pennsyltruth." churches and schools. I have a vivid imagivania Democrat said: Caustically touching again on the Court nation and as I kneel there, I can almost see "This is their avowed objective, despite the minority's apparent affinity for leftwing this lovely church, the church I am in right propaganda veneer of 'peaceful coexistence, cliches, Walter observed: now, closed down, with Cuban and Russian and members of the conspiracy in this "We in Congress do not 'expose for ex- soldiers standing outside. country are working diligently toward that posure's sake' in any greater degree than the All of a sudden I feel sorry for Maria. I end. Supreme Court decides for decision's sake.' have just taken this for granted before. Now "Regretfully, they're being abetted by a As for the typical Communist smear phrase, I am glad I am here. They do not have this small but deadly segment of our own people 'witch hunting.” right to worship as they please. We have who either ignore the threat to our survival "The Salem witches were the product of freedom of religion. Forever? Oh, please or a blind to its significance.” pure imagination. But the Communist God. As I leave church, I say a silent Hailing the "courage" and "dedication" of witches are plaguing the earth." prayer, a prayer of thanks, and a prayer of Congress for its uncompromising fight HUAC functions discreetly in accord- hope, for the future. against subversion, WALTER said: ance with strict rules of procedure, the chair- I go through a rather boring 3 hours of "Congress and the vast majority of thinkman added, and serves as the model for school. Then it is recess. Then that was ing Americans recognize and condemn at- House standing rules governing all com when I heard Joe. tempts to impose the atheistic ideology of mittees. "Joe Davis. I heard what you said." Marxism on this Nation. "We have been zealous to protect the civil "So what." "And with God's help * it will never rights of all persons. And we believe we "So you can't say that.” occur." have succeeded. Of course we've made mis “There's freedom of speech, isn't there?" The Federal Bureau of Investigation, the takes, which we have tried diligently to rec "Yes, but it doesn't mean you can go 67-year-old lawmaker said, is investigating tify and from which we have profited. around saying words like that." an average of 1 espionage plot per day, and "We shall always welcome constructive “What does it mean?" nearly 200 suspected Communist fronts and criticism motivated by genuine interest in "It means," I began, "like if you don't Communist infiltrated organizations are on the preservation of our free society. We think we have a good government you can the FBI's "active" investigation list. will oppose abolition of this committee with say so. But all good laws are in accordance "Spies abound in the Red bloc diplomatic every weapon at our command. with God's law. You're misusing your libercorps," WALTER explained, “and we now have "But we cannot guarantee to preserve the ties. You can't be arrested for something a Moscow satellite 90 miles from the Florida good will of Communist witnesses or other like that, but maybe you should be. Keys. Against this background of obvious Communists—or those in complicity-with Honestly." peril .. we observe the spectacle of an any more success than the courts can pre- "All right, I'm going into the room and abolition drive against HUAC. serve the good will of criminal defendants. read that book. You know. The one on the "We on this committee apologize to no "And who would suggest that the courts Constitution." one for attempting to expose the perfidy of be abolished * * * for that reason?" As Joe left, I thought some more, I thought those who would destroy the security of Walter, who will retire at the end of this the United States." that the way I had been sounding off at Joe, session, reiterated HUAC's deep appreciation maybe I should watch myself more. I should Describing HUAC's mandated duties in for the confidence it enjoys among the vast practice what I preach. My duty was to mythe area of subversion, he said: majority of Americans. "This committee has, as its lawful respon self first. Right then I made a quick resolu "We are all fighting a common enemy to tion to try harder in the future. sibility, Communist activities in the domain preserve the precious heritage of unpreceof national security * * * serving funda When I went home, I waited anxiously dented freedoms. God help this Nation if mentally as an advisory and investigatory until the paper came. I took off the rubberstagnation, apathy, or moral decay should body of the Congress. It is the only House band, opened it and read first, you guessed it, deliver us into the hands of the terroristic, committee having that specific area the funnies. Then I read the TV section. Marxist criminal conspiracy.” study." Then the front page and the sports. I take Touching upon the obstructive tactics by it for granted that what I am reading is the Supreme Court minority in dealing with true. This is where freedom of the press contempt citations, WALTER—a recognized comes in. The reporters are not allowed to authority on constitutional law-said recent Essay Winners Reveal Spirit of write what they want. They must write decisions hinted strongly at a dangerous what is true. In some countries, they write Constitution usurpation of powers by the judiciary. what the government says. The people canReferring directly to the minority opin not believe what they read. ions in the Wilkinson-Branden case, HUAC's EXTENSION OF REMARKS In the editorials, they can put down what chairman declared : OF they think, and how they feel about every"By the narrow margin of one vote was thing. In this country, people are right until avoided the interesting spectacle of head-on HON. PAUL G. ROGERS proven wrong. collision between judiciary and Congress. OF FLORIDA If you had ever lived in Cuba or Russia, The single vote postponed a necessary reso you would really appreciate these freedoms lution of the question whether the judici IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES we now take for granted. Every so often we ary would be permitted to destroy a legally Tuesday, September 26, 1961 should stop and think how lucky we are to constituted congressional committee. (The minority in the Branden case opinion Mr. ROGERS of Florida. Mr. Speak- brave and the free.” be living in this country, "the land of the were Associate Justices Hugo O. Black, er, under leave to extend my remarks, I William O. Douglas, William J. Brennan, Jr., include the following prize-winning es MY FREEDOMS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION and Chief Justice Earl Warren.) says written by students in Fort Lauder"The dissents suggest a determined chaldale, Fla. These students were partici (By Jerry Beasley) lenge to the doctrine of separation of powers pants in the Constitution Week essay If old truths are to retain their hold on a doctrine hitherto recognized as fundamental to our constitutional system and contest sponsored by the Francis Bro- language and concepts of successive genera men's minds, they must be restated in the maintenance of our liberties.” ward Chapter of the DAR, and they tions. What at one time are their most Calling the dissents a "bold impingement" emerged as winners because their essays emerged as winners because their essays effective expressions gradually become so upon legislative power, he said: were truly exemplary of the spirit of the worn with use that they cease to carry a defi Page 21
nite meaning. The underlying ideas may be Capital Comment tooth. If the reclamation States come to as valid as ever, but the words, even when the Congress with a request for a Federal they refer to problems still with us, no investment in projects it must be on a basis longer convey the same conviction. EXTENSION OF REMARKS of sound economic and financial feasibility, Our Constitution has been the ideal of OF and-prior to appropriation of funds for freedom which inspired modern Western construction—a clear indication of the water civilization and whose partial realization HON. JOHN P. SAYLOR users' willingness to repay that part of the made possible the achievements of the Amer OF PENNSYLVANIA Federal investment that is within their abilican race. This comparatively new document ity to pay. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES is the reincarnation of the English Magna That is why I have always insisted, for exCarta and the French Declaration of Rights. Monday, September 25, 1961 ample, that repayment contracts be signed In the course of history many have praised by the water users before construction be Mr. SAYLOR. liberty, but few have explained its impor Mr. Speaker, under gins on a reclamation project. It is only tance to us as individuals and as a country. unanimous consent, I include in the REC- through a responsible policy of this kind In an advancing society the restriction of ORD some very pertinent remarks made that reclamation can be justified in the liberty reduces the number of things tried by the distinguished chairman of the House of Representatives. and thus reduces the rate of progress. This House Interior and Insular Affairs Com When such a policy is not followed recfreedom is not given to the individual be- mittee, the gentleman from Colorado lamation is in trouble. We already have cause it gives him greater satisfaction; [Mr. ASPINALL), on which I have the several examples of what can happen when rather it is given with the thought that the projects are not thoroughly studied and reordinary man will better serve others if honor to serve. given that right. Giving this freedom far The chairman, who has served with payment contracts with the water users not signed prior to construction. surpasses any decree a government could distinction as a member of the Interior The most notable example was the auissue for the advancement of a civilization. and Insular Affairs Committee during thorization of a number of projects in the Liberty does not only mean that the in- the years he has been a Member of the Flood Control Acts of 1944 and 1946, and a dividual has the opportunity to choose Congress, is one of the best informed subsequent "crash" program of construction. freely; it also means that he must bear the of its members of reclamation affairs. In at least nine cases investigations were consequences of his actions and will receive hurried, or not fully completed, and repayIt would be well for those from the recpraise or blame for them. Liberty and re- lamation States to hecd well what the ment contracts were not signed prior to consponsibility are inseparable. Our society has struction. All of these projects got into distinguished and knowledgeable gen- subsequent difficulty as a result of undue maintained itself because most individuals tleman from Colorado has to say about haste to get construction underway, and all have accepted the position resulting from their own actions. Though it seems that reclamation. He says reclamation proj- have caused substantial losses of Uncle each person who succeeds in fulfilling his ects must be “clean as a hound's tooth,” Sam's moneys. The Federal expenditures on dreams would do so by accident, it also and I thoroughly agree. He also cites these nine projects have come to $58,246,722 stands to reason that each individual would the results of a crash program wherein and while it is possible that some of this turn his attentions to those events that he may be repaid eventually, most of it will not. on at least nine cases investigations were has considerable control of. By profiting by This is the sort of thing that gives reclato control those events in his life that he is payment contracts were not signed prior makes it more difficult than good judgment mation generally a "black eye" and which the mistakes of those before him and trying hurried, or not fully completed and recapable of controlling, the individual can to construction and how these projects would require to secure House approval of socially mature and by doing so, increase got into subsequent difficulties. sound projects. the status of his society. I think the gentleman has given us A Federal reclamation program, with propAs I have been writing a man has died to good reasons for not rushing into ap er investigation, planning, and construction, preserve my freedoms. This man died to proval of these reclamation projects and At the same time, those of us from the rec is a sound investment in national progress. keep me, as an American, free to live in a not blindly following the recommenda lamation States, who have the most direct democratic country. I not only feel an tions of the Bureau of Reclamation. I interest in such a program, have the responobligation to this man but to those before do not think we gave nearly enough at- sibility to insist that the reclamation prome who have founded this Government that gives me the opportunity to live as a free in tention to these Colorado River project gram be carried forward on a basis of sound dividual. I feel I should be devoted to the transmission lines. We have accepted financial and economic feasibility. preservation of those freedoms inherited what the Bureau of Reclamation subfrom my antecedents. mitted as an analysis without nearly as Not being constantly plagued by the fear thorough an examination as the probof government interference in my social and lem deserved. We have got to realize Don't Open U.N. to Red China economic life, I can devote my whole to the that the Bureau of Reclamation is no increment of my social status and the standlonger the clean-cut scientific organiza EXTENSION OF REMARKS ing of others like myself. There are no tion it once was. It now deals in idelimitations upon my life until I infringed on the rights of others. ology rather than engineering and eco HON. ROMAN C. PUCINSKI To best use our freedoms we must have a nomics, and we must recognize it as such. OF ILLINOIS Following are the remarks of Mr. As IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES chance or choice, interpret their freedom as PINALL: Tuesday, September 26, 1961 license, or the right to do as they please. Reclamation, as I have often emphasized, These individuals are using their freedom for is one Federal program that is little under Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, folthe detriment of their civilization. Under stood by Members of the House from the lowing is an editorial which appeared no type of government yet conceived in the eastern part of the United States—and yet recently in the Chicago Daily News and mind of man has there been such an or- it is these Members who actually hold the which I believe states most emphatically ganization of people that permitted the in- balance of power when it comes to a House the case against admitting Red China dividual to do completely as he pleased. vote on a reclamation project. to the United Nations. In being governed as I am in this coun- The reclamation program has a much eastry, I am free from the domination of those I hope those who will lead the debate ier time in the Senate because the 17 recmentally and physically stronger than I. lamation States start off with 34 votes out in the United Nations on the admission Since we are not dominated by any particu- of 100—just 17 short of a majority. In the of Red China will ponder the logic of lar group, we have the freedom to profit by House, where representation is based on this editorial and then use every rethe mistakes of our forefathers and to pass population, the reclamation States start off source at their command to make sure our knowledge to those proceeding us. with 99 votes out of 437—or 120 short of a that the uncommitted nations of this As time passes ours is the only type of majority. Included in the 99 reclamation world who have toyed with the idea of government that grows stronger with the votes are 58 from the States of California, admitting Red China to the United Naprogression of the individual. Our Govern Texas, and Oklahoma. Thus in the 14 Rocky tions be made fully aware of the tragic ment is founded on the concept that each Mountain and Far Western States where the man has a certain divinity and we have in- reclamation program is of primary concern consequences of their folly. stituted our laws on this concept. In found- excluding only California—there are just The editorial follows: ing our Government with a faith in the di- 41 Members of the House, out of 437. DON'T OPEN U.N. TO RED CHINA vinity of man, we are acknowledging the Aside from good plain sense, this is one Once again the theoreticians in the Kenpower of God to give supreme intelligence; of the reasons why it is so 'essential that nedy administration have bumped their and through God no man can fall. reclamation projects be clean as a hound's noses on hard facts. A plan that might Page 22
votion and generous capacities, to work with nonfarm work, are the lowest paid citi- A goodly percentage of the migrant needy him as a loyal and dynamic member of the zens in our society. Because of their in- move through Arkansas on their rounds but consolidated team in great adventures of adequate, substandard income, migra- they get precious little welfare money. mind, spirit, and action for the advance of In Arkansas, to qualify for most types of the whole university in the services of all tory farmworkers are in acute need of assistance, one must have resided within the people of the whole State. the welfare services generally available the State either for 3 of the last 5 years Along with Governors, legislators, presis to other citizens. But the harsh fact is or for 5 of the past 9 years—with all of the dents, chancellors, and business managers, that the transient nature of the mi- past year spent in residence. professors and staff, Billy realized full well grant's work frequently prevents him These new and stiff requirements were that what the university was created for and from meeting residence requirements set up by the 1961 Arkansas Legislature, lives to fulfill, is to provide the distinguished which would enable him to obtain these They are the stiffest permitted by Federal and devoted scholars and teachers with books services. law and, it may be noted, are much stiffer and equipment for transmitting the human The defects in our national and local than those which provoked angry outcries heritage; for finding and publishing new from liberals at Newburgh, N.Y. truth; for challenging the minds and dewelfare policies which produce these About the only important exceptions to veloping the total victorious personality of problems were most informatively dis them are aid to dependent children, on which every youth to the height of his or her ca- cussed in a September 6 article in the a 1-year residence requirement is the maxipacity in a free and wholesome self-gov, Pine Bluff (Ark.) Commercial. In not- mum permitted in any State, and general erning community of teachers and ing the inadequacies of these policies, assistance, the relief of the good old days, students; for their competence on the job and for integrity and excellence in their particularly as they affect transients, before the Federal Government got into the picture. standards of life and work; and for special the article points out: An arresting irony of the situation is that and civic services in the locality and in the An arresting irony of the situation is that general assistance is the only non-Federal wide world in need of the best which youth general assistance is the only non-Federal welfare category. It is the only kind of has to give this generation and the genera- welfare category. It is the only kind of money available to the transient whose retion to come. money available to the transient whose re sources collapse when he is just passing Billy was ever valiantly in the midst of it sources collapse when he is just passing through. all-tireless but humorous, winsome and through. General assistance also is used for a wide witty, industrious and jolly. What fun it was to be in teamwork together for this and Because the article recognizes the in- variety of other human needs—for all the that, whether large appropirations for all justice of welfare policies which exclude things that don't fit into the neatly com partmented "categorical assistance" catethree institutions, higher faculty salaries, migrants, and because it recognizes the gories, such as aid to dependent children, aid books and test tubes, building programs, re- need of the migrant for welfare services to the totally and permanently disabled, and search facilities, publications, athletics, re- generally available to other citizens, I so forth. Our impression is that most of it ligious life, student welfare, the Statewide ask unanimous consent that the article does not go to transients. Even if it did, it hospital and medical program, business appear in the RECORD at this point. would not go far to meet their needs. Offifoundations, endowments, student scholar There being no objection, the article cials at the Jefferson County Welfare Deships, fellowships, et cetera, including, for example, the university sponsorship of the was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, partment estimate that they have an averlost colony and the university war programs age of $400 a month to disburse for general as follows: assistance—the figure varies. in which were trained over 35,000 young men WELFARE, 5-MIGRANT NEEDY “Not too many (transients] cone by the for the fighting fronts from which many Federal involvement in welfare aid may be office,” says a spokesman. never returned. The transient in trouble in Pine Bluff is A gallant comrade has gone to join them. regrettable, but is it avoidable? Their immortal spirits and influences cluster The needy pay little heed to State lines. more likely to turn to private agencies, such with us here on this Billy Carmichael The welfare crusaders of Newburgh, N.Y., as the community chest. claimed that they were carrying a load for Chest officials will ask him where he is Night in eternal vigil over the university, the freedom of our country and peace in the which responsibility belonged to Southern going. They will then provide him with (1) States. There is some justice in what they one meal, and (2) gas or a bus ticket to get world, for which they all gave the last full say. measure of devotion. him part way there. More likely than not, But the larger question is how responsibility for an individual welfare re the chest assistance will get the transient to In these days of the precarious peace of deterrent terror, may this commemoration cipient can be assessed to any locality, at Little Rock. At Little Rock, he will hunt least in many cases. up another charity which will give him transmean a rdedication of us all to freedom and peace through excellence in education, and There must be many Newburgh welfare portation to St. Louis, for example-or most a more enlightened, stronger and more ef of the way to St. Louis if the agency's funds recipients who grew up in Virginia or North fective United Nations. May the life and Carolina, who worked a few years in Wash are low. In some States, this sort of transient aid work of Billy Carmichael and all those who ington or New York City, and who have have labored and now labor in and through since drifted into Newburgh. Whether they is routinely given by county and city welour threefold universities and all our schools were employed for a while at Newburgh has fare departments—sometimes only to the and colleges, become a part of the structure been an issue of fact in the controversy, but nearest out-of-county city. It is not difficult and substance of man's unresting dream of does it really matter very much? How can to envision a family of transients caught on building on the earth a noble home of the the needs of any person who has been on this sort of a merry-go-round and traveling family of man for equal freedom, justice, and such a hegira be charged against any specific for weeks on end. peace under law and human brotherhood State or city of the country. Newburgh, the locus of the big welfare under God in this age of mortal peril and im One of the strongest objections which has fuss of 1961, is a community with many ecomortal hope for all mankind. been made to present welfare policies is that nomic problems, including a high rate of they tend to exclude transients. There are unemployment. It seems a fair guess that many thousands of Americans wandering many Newburgh residents are drifting around around the country today—some of them the country, hitting up public and private Welfare Services Available to Migratory and desperately in need of help. migrant farmworkers—who are sick, hungry agencies in other cities for aid, just as New burgh is being hit up by people who didn't Farmworkers Senator HARRISON A. WILLIAMS, of New happen to live in Newburgh when they went Jersey, the chairman of the Senate Sub- poor. committee on Migratory Labor, estimates EXTENSION OF REMARKS the migrant farmworker population, includ ing women and children, at “as many as The Record of the 1st Session of the HON. HARRISON A. WILLIAMS, JR. group earned an average of $710 on farms 87th Congress plus $201 of nonfarm income in 1959. This IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES is by no means the whole of the migratory EXTENSION OF REMARKS needy, although it is perhaps the bulk of Wednesday, September 27, 1961 the problem. Mr. WILLIAMS of New Jersey. Mr. Because welfare programs are so heavily HON. CARL ALBERT President, during this session of Con- financed by the Federal Government, there OF OKLAHOMA gress, we have frequently been impressed interested organizations about transient ex are many complaints from social workers and with the fact that the affluence of Ameri- clusion policies. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES can society does not extend to the mi Wednesday, September 27, 1961 In Arkansas, for example, welfare grants gratory farmworker and his family. totaled $38,143,747 in fiscal 1960, with $29, Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, the 1st Migratory farmworkers who in 1959 115.489 of this coming from the Federal Gov- session of the 87th Congress has been earned an average of $911 for farm and ernmezt. one of the most productive in history. Page 23
A Half Billion Dead Fish stern compensation laws. Their present fall- the main thing that sets him off from the ure to cooperate for the public good will animals, is his possession of a spiritual soul. lead to the enactment of equally stern laws Since the physical sciences are concerned EXTENSION OF REMARKS against plants which pollute the air and with material things, you can hardly expect OF water. them to explain the creation of the soulHON. HARRISON A. WILLIAMS, JR. and the nature of the soul. The soul is an immaterial substance. OF NEW JERSEY There Is No White Race Question. But even scientists must be IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES concerned with the spiritual nature of man? Answer. I readily admit that. But for Wednesday, September 27, 1961 EXTENSION OF REMARKS knowledge of a man's spiritual nature, a OF Mr. WILLIAMS of New Jersey. Mr. scientist must get beyond the limitations of President, the world is well supplied with physical science and rely on philosophy, HON. CHARLES C. DIGGS, JR. theology, and divine revelation. Sound experts who reiterate problems, the ex OF MICHIGAN theology and science should not contradict panding population, the urbanization of but supplement each other. our Nation, and the need for prevention IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Question. As a scientist, how do you tell rather than cure of disease. And yet . the difference between man and an animal? with this knowledge at our disposal we Answer. That's easy. Scientists study the suffer abuses of ever-increasing self-de Mr. DIGGS. Mr. Speaker, the fol- way creatures act. When we find a man structiveness to continue. The pollution lowing very interesting article appeared making and using tools, we have found the of water is a serious problem and needs in the Negro Digest, of September 1961, products of a mind that was at work. It is because of his power of mind that man is correction, all agree. This editorial from reprinted from the Sign: mentally very different from his nearest relathe Asbury Park Evening Press, Sep THERE IS NO WHITE RACE tives in the animal kingdom. Moreover, tember 16, discusses the extent to which (By Dr. George F. Carter) when a scientist finds a man worshiping, he fish are being wantonly destroyed for (No matter how much they avoid saying rightly suspects the presence of a soul. So, lack of control of waste products. it, the thinking of many Americans is in- when skeletal remains are on the borderline between an animal and a man, the scientist I ask unanimous consent to include fected with the egoistic error that the white this editorial in the RECORD. race is superior. Science shows there is a will seek further evidence of how the crea ture acted when alive in order to tell which There being no objection, the editorial biological basis for classifying racial groups he was, man or animal. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as Negro, Mongol, and European. But sci- ence knows of no special white race. Dr. Question. Granting man originated long as follows: George F. Carter, an anthropologist of na- ago, and possibly in east Africa, how did A HALF BILLION DEAD FISH tional standing, takes up this challenging men today come to be so different? What about these "races of men?" The Wildlife Management Institute is au- question in the following interview.) Answer. Races are biologically different thority for the statement that 6,300,000 fish Question. Dr. Carter, many people speak groups of men. , There is a Negro race, a were killed last year by polluation in the of the races of mankind. Do they deny the European race, and a Mongol race. These Nation's lakes and streams. The greatest basic unity of the human race? are clear-cut cases of kinds of men with killer was industrial waste with agricultural Answer. Some people, through ignorance differing skin colors, body proportions, hair poisons running second. In diminishing or bigotry, deny this basic unity. But the forms, and so forth. order of importance was domestic sewage, expression "races of mankind” is also used On the other hand, there is no Jewish race. mining operations, and wastes from air by scientists who have no intention of de Negroes, Europeans, or Mongols may be fields. nying the biological unity of the human Jews—that is, belong to the Jewish religion. We submit that the needless killing of race. They make general classifications of There is no Irish race. That is a national more than a half billion fish annually is groups and speak of them as distinct races, group. There is no Germanic race. That is something to think about. How many mil- for example, the Negro, the European, and either a national group or a speech group; lion more fish are contaminated and yet live the Mongolian. Biologically, these races are but in either case, it includes a number of to become part of the Nation's food supply all variations of the same human species, biologically different groups. will never be known. The number is prob- the human race. Question. You do not mention a white ably large and the threat to the public health Question. Are you saying that, as a sci race? Why? considerable. entist, you are convinced that all these dif Answer. White skins mark only a minor Health is a universally popular subject of ferent groups of people had a common hu group of the European or Mediterranean discussion. Hardly does a group of friends man ancestry? race. This kind of man is distributed all assemble for a social evening before at least Answer. Yes. around the Mediterranean Sea. In color, it one of them brings the state of his health Question. Have scientists been able, geo varies from the fair skin of the northwest into the conversation. Any drive to fight graphically, to pinpoint the origin of that Europeans, through the olive-brown skins a specific disease enlists hundreds of workcommon ancestry? of the Mediterraneans, to the dark brown ers even though the disease has been con Answer. Scientists quite generally skins of the Ethiopians. Yet all people have quered and the crusade is being kept alive agreed that all men have had a common characteristics that show that, under this by those whose livelihood is at stake. Yet place of origin. It had to be in the Old variable coloring, they belong to one race. pollution of the air we breathe and the wa World. It is clear that this had to take So there just isn't a white race. ter we drink and in which we swim attracts place somewhere in the warm belt from Question. How did the different races come little attention. southeast Asia across to Africa. For some about? decades now, the earliest stone tools and The peril to health contained in contam Answer. First, let's notice that there was earliest manlike skeletons have been found plenty of time, if current scientific thinking inated water supplies is well known. Research has demonstrated that polluted air there. Recently, parts of a skeleton have is correct. Second, let's recognize that no is no less a danger to human well-being. right with the skeleton parts, stone tools been found in Kenya, in east Africa. And two individuals are exactly alike. This is Authorities agree that air pollutants are a variation. It goes on all the time, among all were found. causative factor in lung cancer and cardio peoples. Given hundreds of thousands of Question. How long ago do scientists fig. years, there was plenty of time for a signifivascular diseases. Yet those who work so ure that men lived there? hard to conquer these diseases do not put cant amount of change. Finally, every land Answer. About 700,000 years ago. forth the same effort to prevent them. How is different and puts different kinds of strain Question. How are scientists sure that the on human beings. This tends to favor some long could air and water pollution persist skeleton remains belonged to a man? if all the dedicated men and women who variations over others. This process we call Answer. Because, whatever you call him, selection. Selection acting an immense work for all the health drives were to center he made and used tools. This particular amount of time on the constant variation their attention on the problem? creature, tiny in size but with a brain capac- found among any group of human beings Pollution is one of the unfortunate by, ity equal to that of the huge gorilla, was can create, biologically, permanent, notable products of our industrial age. This need importing stone from miles away and break- differences. These are racial differences. not be so. Industry can continue to existing it up to get sharp pieces to work with. Question. That sounds reasonable. But and make a profit without endangering the This is toolmaking, and only man does such why should Negroes be dark-skinned, frizzlylives of the people who live in its vicinity. things. haired, flatnosed, and thicklipped? The talk of industry leaving the State if it Question. Do you find any conflict between Answer. Negroes are tropical people, hisis obliged to stop killing our citizens is non- the theory of evolution and the creation of torically. They are found close to the Equasense. It is the last minute plea of a few man by God? tor in Africa and in southeast Asia, including reactionary industrialists unwilling to spend Answer. Not in the least. Scripture tells the island world north of Australia. They the mnoey needed to modernize their plants. us that God formed man out of the earth. apparently have been there for a very long They are the Bourbons who refused to accept The theory of evolution seeks to explain how time. They have, in a sense, developed a responsibility for injured employees and, that formation took place over a period of permanent tan. Tropical sun is a terrific thereby, brought about the enactment of time. The important thing about a man, burden for fair-skinned people. Page 24
Passing to the Offensive bring freedom to the Hungarys, the Can they really question your fundamental Laos, the Cubas, the East Berlins if we presuppositions? SPEECH What about freedom of conscience and recan find again the character and the courage and the firmness that make ligion? Do you Communists go to Church? OF Do you why do you persecute those who do? we heed Dr. Malik's advice and the ad What about human rights and fundamenOF WISCONSIN vice of the many level-headed, clear tal freedoms? Which of these rights are IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES thinkers in our midst and change our really enjoyed by your people? Tell us please, what is the object of your Saturday, September 23, 1961 win the cold war. ultimate worship? Is it the theory of diaMr. LAIRD. Mr. Speaker, last June The address follows: lectical materialism? Is it atoms in motion? Is it force and revolution? Is it the satisat Seattle University Dr. Charles Malik, PASSING TO THE OFFENSIVE faction of your bodily and mental desires? a professor at American University in (By Dr. Charles Malik) Is it the Communist Party? Is it Marx and Washington and former president of the Lenin? And if they say it is Marx and Lenin, I General Assembly of the United Nations, then we should be able to quote them some delivered the commencement address to Those who have known in their lives and 50 statements by these men on moral and in their traditions the dignity of man and spiritual matters that would put them Seattle University's graduating class. his freedom, those who for centuries have morally completely on the defensive. The subject of Professor Malik's address believed in, and have flourished on the basis What about the unity and the continuity was timely in June and has been increas- of, the inviolability of the human person, of the tradition? Why is your movement an ing in importance and relevance ever have tended to be too much on the defensive. absolute break in that unity and that consince. The address, entitled “Passing Often they have talked and acted as though tinuity? to the Offensive," deals with the com- they were in the wrong. A certain fright Is there any free criticism of the governplexion of the free world and is an in and timidity, nay a certain false modesty, ment in your realm? Have your people ever dictment of the West's present attitude has assailed them. Even if at times they been given a genuine free political choice? toward the insidious machinations of the ful fact-and shame and apology could be find themselves apologizing for some shame. What about your iron dictatorship? What about your police state? Communist endeavor. signs of spiritual strength-they neverthe What about the minority rule under which I heartily commend Professor Malik's less appear to forget that in every sphere of all Communist states languish? effort and genius in presenting in an en- life the offensive, if genuinely and rightly What about the fact that, far from ever viable manner this difficult topic and I mounted, is the best means of self-defense. being chosen by the people, communism was request unanimous consent that his re Nothing I believe is more needed today than always imposed by force by a handful of marks be inserted in the RECORD at the for those who know and believe in God, men? conclusion of my remarks. truth, man, and freedom, to pass to the What about the methods of subversion all offensive. Mr. Speaker, we have been on the de over the world in which every dark trick of There are five fronts in which it is neces deceit and destruction is used? fensive for many years now. We have sary today to pass to the offensive. I may What about the camps of forced labor ? allowed the Communists to make a entitle these fronts the front of communism, What about Hungary, what about Tibet, mockery of our institutions, our beliefs the front of neutralism, the front of those what about the Chinese communes? and our system. We have been apolo- who are engaged in undermining the unity And since you always love to repeat that gizing for our practices, our profits and of the Western World, the front of mate you are working day and night to "bury" us our way of life. In Dr. Malik's words: rialism, and the front of what I would term and that our children shall all be comthe least common denominator. The center Morally and spiritually the Communists of the first two fronts lies outside the West munists, then let us assure you that in this put you and me on the defensive; they talk you are completely mistaken, and that we ern World, the center of the last two fronts in terms of "capitalism,” “imperialism." are working day and night to liberate your lies inside the Western World, and the center "colonialism,”.monopolies," "profits.", "ex. of the third front exists at once inside and people from your yoke, so that the day will ploitations," "means of production"-all outside. come, and we trust soon, when the very purely economic, purely materialistic terms. names of Marx and Lenin shall be forgotten? , And how do we engage ourselves in de It is most important that the Communists Morally and spiritually the Communists be put on the defensive. It is most imporbate with them? We usually answer that the exploiting capitalism of the 19th century put you and me on the defensive; they tant that the total arsenal of political, moral, make us feel guilty, and we supinely accept no longer exists, that imperialism has been and spiritual values be brought to bear upon the terms of their debate. They talk in liquidated, that monopolies are now owned this struggle. Naturally, if we do not believe by the people, and that, as to profits, every- lonialism," "monopolies," "profits,” “exploi- moral, and spiritual values, we will not bring terms of "capitalism," "imperialism," "co- in the primacy of these political, personal, body now shares in them. tation,” "means of production"—all purely them up at all, or we will bring them up Dr. Malik is, of course, right. We economic, purely materialistic terms. And with our tongue in our cheek. But to keep have been apologizing to the Commu- how do we engage ourselves in debate with on talking only in their materialistic terms, nists and our voices have had a ring ing capitalism of the 19th century no longer them? We usually answer that the exploit to accept timidly their universe of discourse, of feebleness and a sickly note of ti- exists, that imperialism has been liquidated, to be constantly on the defensive vis-a-vis midity. If we do not believe in our their onslaught, is already to have been vanthat monopolies are now owned by the peo- quished by them. system, if we must continually go on the ple, and that, as to profits, everybody now One is not seeking to win a game of words defensive, if we cannot face up to the shares in them. It is evident that there is Communist challenge and assert our about this response a pathetic air of apology, that are at stake. I would certainly settle and arguments: it is history and destiny pride in our heritage, our Nation, and a ring of feebleness, a sickly note of timidity, for losing the argument of words provided our system, if we must grovel and whine, and those who make it clearly suffer from a guilty conscience. When we thus accept of the situation today is that the argument I win the contest of history. The pathos defend and apologize, why, then we de- to be drawn into debate with the Commuserve what the Communists have in store nists on their own terms we confirm them in reflects the contest. It is most important therefore to develop and execute policies and for us and we will have only ourselves the feeling that they were right; it is as to thank for whatever becomes our lot. though we were telling them, “You are right their friends historically on the defensive. actions that will put the Communists and Dr. Malik says: in your attack; we are sorry for our past Those who believe in man and his freedom, There are people and forces inside and ways; but behold, we have now corrected them." who know truth, and who trust in God, the outside the Western World whose effect is guarantee of all freedom and all truth, must This will not do. The Communists should to undermine whatever unity there is in that world. I am not thinking of the Com therefore pass to the offensive, not only of be answered, not apologetically, not as thought and conviction, but of that real, munists whose very purpose is to conspire though they were right, but in terms taking decisive, historical action which shall cause in that direction. I am thinking of the softthem completely off their guard. They the Communists to take to their heels. should be answered in human, moral, and headed, the duped, the tired, the frightened, the sentimental, the superficial, the unauspiritual terms. III thentic, and the perfectly innocent who After saying two or at most three sentences The neutralist front is becoming more and mean well. If these people have their way, on economic and social questions, or perhaps more significant. Those who, for whatever freedom will finally fall by sheer division and even before saying them, we should be in reason, wish to remain outside the gigantic default. An offensive must therefore be a moral-existential position ourselves to turn world struggle between communism and mounted on this front. to these men and say to them: freedom have every right to expect the rest What about freedom of thought and in- of the world to respect their freedom. We are running out of second chances. quiry in your realm? Can people seek the As a matter of fact, real neutralism, imWe can mount an offensive geared to truth really freely? Can they really dissent? plying real freedom of choice and real in Page 25
TO TRAVEL 8 MONTHS Morgan, director emeritus of the School of far as George Washington was concerned, Following its appearance in the State cap- Architecture at Princeton University, was Alexandria was a place as well as a township, ital, the historymobile will take to the road to named professional adviser for the competi- and that the place, today and for a long while proclaim the upcoming festivities. The vetion. and very good reasons, has been Frenchtown hicle, donated by New Jersey Bell Telephone IN TWO STAGES on the Delaware River. Co. and the Ford Motor Co., will travel the Stage I was a preliminary search for ideas The original of the map appeared in an State from April 1 through November 30 from architects who were residents of New early life of Washington. It is called "A Map annually. Jersey and licensed to practice in the State. of the Country from Rariton River in East The wheels for the State celebration act- Stage II will be restricted to the finalists Jersey to Elk Head in Maryland Shewing the ually began to turn on June 24, 1958, when selected by the jury of awards. several Operations of the British and Amerthe legislature roted "to formulate and im- The winners of the competition, each of ican Armies, in 1776 and 1777." The pubplement a 5-year program for the proper whom won $1,000 and will develop final draw lisher was C. P. Wayne, of Philadelphia. observance of the beginnings of New Jersey ings under stage II, were: A more military man than I might find and its subsequent role in the lives of the Philip S. Collins and John R. Diehl, both special interest in the deployment of the people of this State and Nation." residents of Princeton; Bernard J. Grad, with armies and who was in command and preThe 11-member tercentenary commission, Harry B. Mahler, both of the Newark firm of cisely where. My special delight, and probheaded by Union County Senator Robert c. Frank Grad & Sons, and George E. McDow ably yours, is in the number and variety of Clane, began its plans almost immediately. ell, of Montclair. The winner will be com- place names and the spelling of them which STILL GROWING missioned as architect for Jersey's building in many instances has been lost in time. at the New York Fair. Beyond that the map presents a kind of minTercentenary ideas were tested and per iature history of the little ferries along the fected at brainstorming sessions of the com DISCUSS PARKS river as they used to be. mission's advisory committees, which are still Another joint effort in connection with the The ferries are no more. In their place being expanded. State's tercentenary-this one by members bridges have come and many of them have At present, about 150 such committeemen, of the Federal New Jersey Tercentenary Com- gone. Yardley, in Pennsylvania, is shown as top leaders drawn from industry, education, mission-may bring lasting benefit to New Yardley's Ferry and here the bridge, hastily finance, labor, government and history, ad- Jersey. erected after the flood of several years ago vise and guide the commission. The Federal group, at its initial meeting, broke through the earlier span, has just been Among the early advisers who have become voted to give top priority to the establish removed in favor of a gigantic new span a committee chairmen are: ment of Sandy Hook and the historic Mon little further up. This I crossed only the Lee H. Bristol, chairman of Bristol-Myers mouth battlefield as State or National parks. other evening, remarking the fact that new Co., ways and means; Robert M. Lunny, di- A recreational facility at Sandy Hook has bridges have the habit of taking a running rector of the New Jersey Historical Society, long been sought. The Federal commission broad-jump and missing the lore along the historymobile; Dr. Hubert Schmidt of Rut- believes that the tercentenary will set an ap river that lies below. gers University, historical; Dr. Frank B. propriate target date for getting the job done. Next above Yardley's was McConkey's Stover, Bloomfield superintendent of schools, Part of Monmouth battlefield is now for Ferry, now Washington's Crossing on both education, and Thomas S. Ruzicka, art di- sale as an industrial park site. The Federal sides of the river, each side marked by a rector of N. J. Bell, who coordinated the commission and its State counterpart are park and the New Jersey side by the Mcefforts of the five-man team that came up moving to investigate the possibility of pur Conkey house which is part of New Jersey's with the tercentenary symbol. chasing and maintaining the land as a his system of historic sites. There is a narrow FEATURES TREE toric monument. bridge calling for a crawling speed, mindful The symbol, a three-section triangle, COUNTIES ACTIVE that it simply will not do if automobiles get stands for Jersey's people, purpose, progress. Jersey's 21 counties began talking tercen- any wider. The central figure is a stylized tree, symbolic tenary a year ago, as well. Bergen was first Not far above was Blucmount's Ferry, or of the growth and future of New Jersey. to organize its 15-member committee. so the name seems to be spelled, and this The symbol will be reproduced many mil- At last reading, some 150 committeemen one seems to have been utterly lost in the lions of times in newspapers, industrial lit- were stirring up new interest in the celebra- annals. Next name up is Falls, below Corerature, advertisements, school work, auto tion, stimulated by county freeholder groups yel's Ferry (with one “l" in this instance), stickers, highway signs and other means, and State senators, who are serving as hon and you know well that Coryel's or Coryell's according to David S. Davies, the commis- orary chairmen of the county groups. Ferry by this time is Lambertville. There is sion's executive director. For 1964, histories of the counties will be a connection between the Coryells or Coryels Once in general use, every resident in the written, historic buildings restored, archives of Coryel's Ferry and the men and women State will come across it at least once a day, programs inaugurated, and pageants drama- who knew Frenchtown as Alexandria, the commission officials estimate. tizing county growths presented. place and not the remaining township. TO BE HALLMARK Between Coryel's Ferry and Hart's Ferry, On the municipal level, nearly a fifth of now Stockton, where there is a bridge even as Commenting on its importance Governor the State's cities, towns, and boroughs have there is at Lambertville, across from New about 1,000 committeemen, named by the Meyner said: Hope, Pa., was Robinson's Ferry, and if we "Perhaps no single effort is of greater mayors, planning and preparing. significance in establishing a sense of New URGE SPECIAL STAMP were to piece together the story of the little ferries I shall have to have much more inJersey than this symbol to represent the Nationally, the drive for a tercentenary formation on this. Much of the amazement State's 300th birthday. Its wide and con- commemorative stamp will be renewed next of many, the Old York Road, which comes up tinued use during the coming 3 years will January at the U.S. Post Office. through Pennsylvania by way of Jenkintown, establish it as a hallmark of the tercentenary. Philatelic societies and individual collec is shown as crossing at Hart's (Stockton) and “This symbol represents another major tors had suggested that a special stamp be is not Coryel's (Lambertville) no matter what contribution by New Jersey industry to the sued in 1963 honoring Jersey's 300th birth- the historic markers say. success of the State's tercentenary,” added day. Oh, yes, there is a road shown from Lamthe chief executive. A petition filed last year was bypassed by bertville, pushing on through what is indiBesides Ruzicka, art directors who served postal authorities on the grounds that com cated as Amwell Meeting, now Amwell, to on the design group included: Edward Colker memoratives generally are limited to state Ringo Town, now Ringoes, and then one up of Warner-Chilcott Laboratories of Warnerhood anniversaries. New Jersey would, there toward Flemington, once Flemingtown, but Lambert Pharmaceutical co., Morris Plains; fore, not qualify until 1987—the 200th anni I always have gone along with the historians James K. Fogleman, CIBA Pharmaceutical versary of its ratification of the Constitution. who wrote of and showed me the other way. Products Inc., Summit; Shelly Reed, Scher Negotiations were reopened this year Although the road was obviously more obing Corp., Bloomfield; and Norman s. Wein- through Robert J. Burkhardt, the Assistant scure, the road from forgotten Robinson's berger of Warner-Lambert Products Division Postmaster General now on leave for the Jer Ferry went directly to Ringo Town, with of Warner-Lambert. sey gubernatorial campaign. He'll return to Rock Town, now Rocktown off the road enthe post early next year. PLAN FAIR EXHIBIT tirely by this time, indicated almost as im All in all, New Jersey's tercentenary should portantly Design of another kind—involving archi- be a humdinger. portantly as Ringo Town, which went through the processes from John Ringo's tectural competition to determine the Garden State architect who will prepare plans Town to Ringo Town and now, Ringoes. for the New Jersey building at the World's [From the Newark (N.J.) Star-Ledger, Sept. In passing, I must point out some other Fair—was undertaken in the early stages of 10, 1961] names on George's old map which in themthe tercentenary celebration preparations. As WASHINGTON SAW THE DELAWARE selves are challenges for new material or at least a regrooving of the record in the usual The New Jersey chapter of the American (By Henry Charlton Beck) development of folklore. Somerset Court Institute of Architects gave unanimous ap- George Moorhead of Pennington brought House is there and before you say that this proval to the competitive method of selec- me the facsimile of an old map the other now is Somerville I must contradict you and tion. night and so far it has led to a number of say that it was Millstone and that the first Marcel Villaneuva, of East Orange, headed new adventures, as well as almost as many courthouse was burned there in a Revoluthe architects' committee and Sherley W. mysteries. Best revelation so far is that as tionary raid. Cranbury was Cranberry, Hightstown was Hiatstown, and above it, on the well-known Stevens family of Stevens In the Daniel Bray Memorial Highway, long rethe road to New Brunswick, were the names, stitute, could have vanished. Some of us ferred to as "the Missing Link" in that here Storey, Jacques, and Striker. I would say felt like ghouls, investigating as much as we for the longest while, in spite of new and that each was at least a cluster of houses. dared. However, the conclusions have gone impressive roads elsewhere, there was little Page 26
that these American travelers "deliberately, dent of the United States, the Honorable for Americans under the McCarran Act," and without malice," perpetrated the Cir- Herbert Hoover, whom we delight to have Mrs. Flynn wrote. cumnavigators Club, which was thereafter with us right now. The outward Communist concern for incorporated under the laws of the State of Currently president of the Circumnavi- American freedom would be laughable if it New York, with world headquarters in the gators Club is Circumnavigator Richard G. wasn't so tragic. The local Reds are part city of New York-latitude 40°45'16'' N., Coffin, of the Socony Oil Co., 150 East 42d of a global conspiracy to destroy freedom and longitude 73°58'54" W., the earth, the Street, New York, N.Y. represent the world's worst tyranny. cosmos. It, therefore, may be said to be the LIMITED USE first and only-club in the celestial sphere. For this reason, more than any other, the The detention camp law has long been on Circumnavigators Club boasts boasts no club the books. What is important to know is Two Timely, Pertinent Editorials Ap- that the clause goes into effect only in the house-its dues are so microscopically modest as to be out of step with present-day event of the invasion of the United States, pearing in the Los Angeles (Calif.) dollar values—more in keeping with the cur or a formal declaration of war, or insurrecExaminer tion within the United States. rent exchange of the celestial heavens; its membership widely scattered over the entire It would affect only those persons susearth, precluding frequent intimate contact. pected on "reasonable grounds" by the At EXTENSION OF REMARKS Yet, many of the world's great have applied torney General as being likely to engage in OF for membership in its magic circle and have sabotage or espionage on behalf of a foreign felt themselves honored and privileged to HON. CLYDE DOYLE power. add the word "Circumnavigator" to their This section of the law is certainly no names. OF CALIFORNIA threat to the general public, but only to those who would attack from within to aid The Circumnavigators Club does not seek IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES foreign forces. out members. It welcomes invited applicants Wednesday, September 27, 1961 possessing the necessary qualifications, the Despite this fact, the Reds are told by their first of which is that the applicant must have Mr. DOYLE. Mr. Speaker, here is an national chairmanmade at least one complete circumnavigation article which appeared in the Los Ange "When it (detention clause) becomes of the earth in one direction, east to west, or les Examiner, Saturday, September_23, fully known, I am confident there will be such universal indignation and repudiation west to east, but it does not have to be 1961, on the editorial page thereof. This continuous at one time. An applicant may of this disgraceful act, as will sweep it into not break up a full east to west or west to article is written by the distinguished article is written by the distinguished oblivion. Victory is possible.” east circumnavigation by turning around, columnist, Mr. Jack Lotto. Note therein SMOKESCREEN however. He may return to where he left that in paragraph 7 the House Un Actually, the attack on the detention off and then continue to make the complete American Activities Committee is men clause is a smokescreen for the Reds to wipe circumnavigation in one direction. tioned. out the Internal Security Act of 1950 and the · Among notable Circumnavigators Club Mr. Speaker, in my humble judgment, Smith Act. members may be mentioned Circumnavigator but again with my vigorous commitment Mrs. Flynn claimed that the Communists, President of the United States, and Chief and expression of belief, this is no time by fighting to nullify the security laws by Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, William every possible means, are spearheading the Howard Taft. Volume 1, No. 1, of the log whatsoever, either directly or indirectly, of the Circumnavigators Club had this to for any citizen who claims to be patriotic for any citizen who claims to be patriotic struggle and holding the dikes against “possible future victims." say about this most genial soul: “From any to the best interests of our beloved Na Another strong objection of the Reds— point of view, the most important circum- tion in security matters, to in any man once they register under terms of the existnavigator is William Howard Taft. Weighing ner do anything which actually weak- ing law—they are forbidden to work for the something over 300 pounds, he is unquestion ens or even tends to weaken the se- Government or in defense plants. ably more of a circumnavigator than any curity of our beloved Nation against sub The false Red complaint, as voiced by the other member. Also, he has more of the even Red chairmancurves of a sphere about his person than any versive infiltrators or the domination of "One of the first acts of the Nazis was to competitor, however ambitious.” any person or group of persons who are deprive the Jewish people of the right to All meetings, luncheons, and dinners of known to be actual members of the Com earn a living. The McCarran Act does the the Circumnavigators Club are brought to munist Party in the United States, or same thing to Communists and others." order by the rapping of a whale's tooth gavel, who are known to be actual Communist gift of another famous Circumnavigator dupes or fronts: FEAR SPREADERS member, the Honorable William Jennings The comrades were instructed to try to Bryan, who ran for President of the United RED SCARE DRIVE PREDICTS MASS ARREST OF line up “millions” on the single issue of States more often than any other political U.S. CITIZENS ending the McCarran Act and similar laws. aspirant, and whose celebrated "cross of gold" (By Jack Lotto) Among the organizations they were told speech in his first campaign raised him to The Communists are raising the specter to contact for support were the AFL-CIO, the very forefront of the world's great of concentration camps in the United States. American Civil Liberties Union, American orators of all time. The scare campaign is part of a program Jewish Congress, Railroad Brotherhoods, A letter, dated April 28, 1910, to the club to frighten the unthinking into backing the Americans for Democratic Action, National reads: "I am sending you by express the Reds on destruction of U.S. security laws. Association for the Advancement of Colored whale's tooth which I promised the Circum- In trying to unite public opposition to the People, National Lawyer's Guild, and indenavigators Club. The fact that it is a tooth Supreme Court upheld McCarran Act, the pendent unions. makes it appropriate for your club, not that Reds built scary pictures of Hitler era • Mr. Speaker, in presenting the followthe club shows its teeth frequently, but be- prisons being prepared for Americans. cause it seems to enjoy good eating, if I ing text of another editorial appearing The bogeyman theme was laid down by could judge from my experience at the dinner Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, national chairman in the Los Angeles Examiner for Friday, which it gave to me. But the tooth is ap- of the Communist Party, in the party's of the Communist Party, in the party's September 22, 1961, I expressly call atpropriate for another reason; namely, it is limited-circulation magazine, "Political Af- tention to the following language which the tooth of a whale, and a whale is not fairs." is quoted from a statement by FBI Dionly the king of the ocean, but is a great The party is desperately fighting to stave rector John Edgar Hoover: "There is traveler. off execution of an order to list its members probably no significant section of the "It is a circumộavigator of the first order, with the Government and label its propa American public—regardless of age, and I am sure that the whale from whose jaw ganda as Communist material. this tooth came would feel honored if he race, social standing, occupation or po DISTORTION knew that this little part of his anatomy litical orientation-whose interests have According to Mrs. Flynn the Reds are to would find an honored tomb among the not coincided, on occasion, with one or treasures of the Circumnavigators Club. spread the fiction that all who oppose war, more of the Communists' immediate de"W. J. BRYAN." all who advocate peace, disarmament, co- mands." Mr. Speaker, I do this because To mention but a very few, as space does Attorney General, be shunted off to concen it increasingly appears to me that there not permit a parade of more circumnavi- tration camps, along with Communists, are some very prominent American citigators of the past: America's celebrated fighters for Negro rights, labors' rights, etc. zens who seem to be ready and quite bandleader and march king, Circumnavigator "A military involvement in any area of willing to publicly charge other American Comdr. John Philip Sousa, not overlooking several spots where a so-called crisis exists, citizens who disagree with them on mathis famous beard; the only American gen- and hundreds of Americans are listed as ters of race, creed, social standing, occueral with the rank and title of "Commander subversive by the FBI, the House Un-Ameriof the Armies,” Circumnavigator Gen. John can Activities Committee, the Birchites, and pation or political orientation as being J. Pershing; Circumnavigator Col. William what have you, could find themselves in a Socialists, and they make this charge F. Cody, the famous Buffalo Bill; Circum- concentration camp. because, as Mr. Hoover says, the Comnavigator Harry Lauder, and Circumnavigator "Let it be known far and wide to the munist Party happens to take substanHarry Houdini. And yet another ex Presi- American people what the end of the trail is tially the same position on the same sub |
Which phrase from the excerpt supports the claim that there is something sinister about the island?
Pos Terkait
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