How to write Hiragana and katakana

Hiragana vs Katakana: Whats the Difference?

Struggling to grasp how to write in Japanese? Its not as hard as it seems!

Sure, hiragana and katakana, two of the key systems in Japanese writing, look so foreign and intimidating, but they can actually be quite simple. The characters dont represent unique meanings the way Chinese characters do. Theyre more like a Japanese alphabet. And they have some helpful advantages that make learning Japanese characters easier.

All you need is a quick breakdown of the Japanese writing system, and some useful mnemonics and Im about to give you both of these.

Are you ready to rock your Japanese language learning skills? Lets go!

How to Make Sense of Japanese Writing Its the Same as English (Well, Almost)

Believe it or not, Japanese and English writing have something in common. Excluding kanji which comes from China, Japanese has two native writing styles hiragana and katakana. Together they're known as kana. In other words, hiragana and katakana are two different ways to write the same thing.

English also has two writing systems that read the same way: print and cursive. Whether you write A or A, its still the same letter. But how we use them is different. The same is true for writing and reading in Japanese. It doesnt matter if its hiragana or katakana, they both represent the same sound and character.

Hiragana vs Katakana: Whats the Difference?

So, then, whats the difference between hiragana vs katakana?

Hiragana is the most commonly used, standard form of Japanese writing. Its used on its own or in conjunction with kanji to form words, and its the first form of Japanese writing that children learn.

Written on its own and without kanji, it's a bit hard to read and child-like, and can only be read with some effort. But, its fine to write in only hiragana if you are a beginner learner.

Japanese people can still understand, and they know kanjis difficult for 外国人 (gaikokujin foreigners). Most children's books, and even some video games like Pokémon, are only written in hiragana.

Hiragana is curly like English cursive, but it functions more like print its used more for easy reading. Its the standard way to write for clarity and understanding.

Katakana, on the other hand, is more like print in its appearance: more block-ish and sharp. But its used to signal to the reader that a word is foreign, adapted to Japanese from another language. Its also used for emphasis, and onomatopoeia. You may also notice some brands and celebrities write their names in katakana as a stylistic choice.

You may think, then, that its most important to learn hiragana and that you can slack off on katakana but that would be a myth. The number of Japanese loan words from other languages continues to grow every year. Youll see a lot more words written in katakana on a daily basis. And onomatopoeia is ridiculously common in daily speech and writing not just in まんが (manga comic books). So make sure you learn them both!

Reading and Understanding Hiragana vs Katakana

The best thing about reading in Japanese is that hiragana and katakana are phonetic, meaning theyre always read the same. Period. Unlike English, where the letters can have many different pronunciations, the Japanese alphabet is always read exactly the same. Even when put together in words, they never change. Kanji readings will change (something to look forward to when you advance!), but not kana.

So if you think Japanese symbols are impossible to learn, bear in mind that theyre a lot easier than learning English, because English has so many inconsistencies in pronunciation.

Something else helpful to know: katakana almost always sounds like a word you know. You already know way more vocabulary in Japanese than you think! So if you see katakana, you can sound it out and figure out the meaning with very little guesswork. Like オレンジジュース (orenjijūsu Orange Juice). Some words are taken from Portuguese, French, and other languages besides English, but theyre still always written in katakana. Such as パン (pan bread), and ズボン (zubon pants).

Hiragana vs Katakana Chart

Heres a helpful chart to help you learn hiragana and katakana (Ill explain how to use the chart in a moment):

HIRAGANA

KATAKANA

How to Read in Japanese: Sounding Out Hiragana and Katakana (With a Breakdown of Sounds)

The Japanese alphabet is broken down into rows and columns, as pictured in the chart above. The vertical column marks the vowel, and the horizontal row marks the consonant sound. Besides the singular vowel sounds, all Japanese characters will have a consonant and vowel, except for ん (n or m).

Take a look at the chart. You have a column for each vowel sound: あ / ア (a), い / イ (i), う / ウ (u), え / エ (e), お / オ (o). Then the first row on the horizontal line is the K row. So the characters are か / カ, き / キ, く / ク, け / ケ, こ / コ (ka, ki, ku, ke, ko). Its a good idea to memorize this chart because when you get to grammar conjugation, it helps simplify how you change the words to conjugate.

Lets break down the sounds:

• あ: ah, like Ahhhhhh, with an open mouth.
• い: ee, like bee.
• う: oo, like tooth.
• え: eh, like medicine.
• お: oh, like the letter O

So then the next row reads like:

• か: kah, like cat.
• き: kee, like key.
• く: koo, like coo, the sound a baby makes.
• け: keh, like kettle.
• こ: koh, like Coca-cola.

Lets try it again with the next row:

• さ: sah.
• し: shi.
• す: soo
• せ: seh
• そ: soh

You can see in the S-row, that there is one irregular し (shi). There are only a few other irregulars, such as ち (chi), つ (tsu), ふ (fu), and ん (n or m). But most are straight-forward. So if you learn the vowel sound and memorize the rows, you can read the whole sound.

After you learn this standard form, youll notice some have extra sounds. By adding characters from the Y-row, や, ゆ, よ, you make new sounds. Like: しゃ (sha) ちゃ (cha), なゃ (nya), ちゅ (chu) and ちょ (cho). When the Y-characters are added to others, they are written smaller and create a conjunctive sound. Kind of like how I have becomes Ive. So, instead of saying とうきょ う as Toe-key-yoh, its Toh-kyo.

Characters also change with dakuten (ﾞ), two small lines, and handakuten (ﾟ), a small circle. This sounds complicated, but its really not. By adding the dakuten and handakuten, it changes the consonant slightly. Lets take a look:

• か (kah) becomes が (gah)
• し (shi) becomes じ (ji)
• そ (soh) becomes ぞ (zoh)
• つ (tsu) becomes づ (zu)
• て (te) becomes で (de)
• へ (he) becomes べ (be)
• へ (he) becomes ぺ (pe)

Only K, S, T, and H rows use these characters. When they use dakuten, they become G, Z, D, and B, respectively. H is the only row that uses handakuten, and it becomes P when the small circle is added.

With dakuten:

• K G
• S Z
• T D
• H B

With handakuten:

• H P

There are a couple irregulars here too: じ: ji, ぢ: ji, and づ: zu. Although ず (zu) and づ (zu), and じ (ji) and ぢ (ji) have the same meanings, its most common to see ず and じ.

Noodles and Keys! How to Become a Memory Master of Kana

To help memorize the kana, its best to use mnemonics which means seeing each symbol as a picture. A friend once shared the mnemonics she learned in high school with me, and they immediately helped me memorize the kana. Ive never forgotten them since!

Some examples:

ぬ: Nu for noodle. It looks like a squiggly pile of noodles!

め: Me for medal. It looks like a medal with the ribbon around it to hang around your neck

れ: Re for Rets get out of here! Picture Scooby Doo and the Gang running off, because it looks like a person dashing off.

む: Mu for Moooooo, like a cow. It looks like a cows face, with the swirl being its nose! (Especially if youve ever seen the cow designs in Animal Crossing.)

あ: A for Ahhhhhhh. Someones mouth is wide open! (Maybe at the dentist.)

き: Ki for Key. It looks like an old-fashioned key.

け: Ke for Cane. It looks like a stick-figure old man using his walking cane!

そ: So for Sewing. It looks like a zig-zag stitch in a sewing pattern.

と: To for Toe. It looks like a big toe and toenail.

へ: He for Hill. It looks like a small hill.

に: Ni for Knee. It looks like your leg and knee!

Yeah, it may be silly. But it helps! And thats all that matters. Create your own, or try some of these. Youd be surprised how they stick with you. I learned this list nearly 12 years ago!

The crazier and more vibrantly you can associate them in your mind, the easier it will be to memorize them. The same is true when you move on to kanji memorization.

Tips for Hiragana and Katakana Practice

Honestly, the best tip is to write it out as much as you can. Whenever I was bored (usually in college classes), I would make a box and mark it vertically with the consonants, and horizontally with the vowels. And then I would fill in all the spots with the right hiragana and katakana. Id double check them after, but any blank spots let me know which ones I was having trouble with.

You could also practice Japanese writing, and write right to left, and vertically. Its a challenge to get used to, but it looks so elegant!

There are also tons of easy reading resources to learn Japanese and get practice reading hiragana and katakana. You can practice in kana-only mode on games like Pokémon, read NHK News Easy or Kodomo Asahi. Any reading and writing practice you can do will help improve your hiragana vs katakana understanding!

Now Go Out and Kana On!

Dont let a foreign writing system hold you back! Learn how to practice the four pillars of language learning, and it will get easier. Learning hiragana vs katakana isnt as bad as it first appears, and I know you can do it!

How are your Japanese studies going? Do you have some great tips or mnemonics to learn hiragana and katakana? Id love to hear from you in the comments!