Davidson JE, Aslakson RA, Long AC, Puntillo KA, Kross EK, Hart J, et al. Guidelines for family-centered care in the neonatal, pediatric, and adult ICU. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(1):103–28.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
Ferraresi M. A coronavirus cautionary tale from Italy: don’t do what we did. Boston Globe. 2020.
White DB, Lo B. A framework for rationing ventilators and critical care beds during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA. 2020;323:1773–4. //doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5046.
CAS Article Google Scholar
Maves RC, Downar J, Dichter JR, Hick JL, Devereaux A, Geiling JA, et al. Triage of scarce critical care resources in COVID-19 an implementation guide for regional allocation. Chest. 2020. //doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.063.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(3):e203976.
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Truog RD, Campbell ML, Curtis JR, Haas CE, Luce JM, Rubenfeld GD, et al. Recommendations for end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: a consensus statement by the American College [corrected] of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(3):953–63.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
Stelfox HT. Intensive Care unit bed availability and outcomes for hospitalized patients with sudden clinical deterioration. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(6):467.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
Robert R, Coudroy R, Ragot S, Lesieur O, Runge I, Souday V, et al. Influence of ICU-bed availability on ICU admission decisions. Ann Intensive Care. 2015;5(1):55.
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Robert R, Reignier J, Tournoux-Facon C, Boulain T, Lesieur O, Gissot V, et al. Refusal of intensive care unit admission due to a full unit: impact on mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(10):1081–7.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
Einav S, Hick JL, Hanfling D, Erstad BL, Toner ES, Branson RD, et al. Surge capacity logistics: care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST consensus statement. Chest. 2014;146(4 Suppl):e17S–43S.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
Emanuel EJ, Persad G, Upshur R, Thome B, Parker M, Glickman A, et al. Fair allocation of scarce medical resources in the time of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2049–55.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
Brown MJ, Goodwin J, Liddell K, Martin S, Palmer S, Firth P, Eyal N, Hyder A, Persad G, Phillips J, Emanuel E. Allocating medical resources in the time of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020. //doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2009666.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Biddison ELD, Gwon HS, Schoch-Spana M, Regenberg AC, Juliano C, Faden RR, et al. Scarce resource allocation during disasters. Chest. 2018;153(1):187–95.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
Priorisation des traitements de réanimation pour les patients en état critique en situation d’épidémie de COVID-19 avec capacités limitées. Société Française d’Anesthésie Réanimation, Service de Santé des Armées. //www.sfar.org. Accessed 21 May 2020.
Daugherty Biddison EL, Faden R, Gwon HS, Mareiniss DP, Regenberg AC, Schoch-Spana M, et al. Too many patients…A framework to guide statewide allocation of scarce mechanical ventilation during disasters. Chest. 2019;155(4):848–54.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
Randolph AG, Guyatt GH, Calvin JE, Doig G, Richardson WS. Understanding articles describing clinical prediction tools. Evidence based medicine in critical care group. Crit Care Med. 1998;26(9):1603–12.
CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
Campbell AJ, Cook JA, Adey G, Cuthbertson BH. Predicting death and readmission after intensive care discharge. Br J Anaesth. 2008;100(5):656–62.
CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
Challener DW, Prokop LJ, Abu-Saleh O. The proliferation of reports on clinical scoring systems: issues about uptake and clinical utility. JAMA. 2019;321(24):2405.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
Raith EP, Udy AA, Bailey M, McGloughlin S, MacIsaac C, Bellomo R, et al. Prognostic accuracy of the SOFA score, SIRS criteria, and qSOFA score for in-hospital mortality among adults with suspected infection admitted to the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2017;317(3):290–300.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
Guidet B, Leblanc G, Simon T, Woimant M, Quenot J-P, Ganansia O, et al. Effect of systematic intensive care unit triage on long-term mortality among critically Ill elderly patients in France: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;318(15):1450.
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Azoulay E, Beloucif S, Vivien, Guidet B, Pateron D, Le Dorze M. Décision d’admission des patients en unités de réanimation et unités de soins critiques dans un contexte d’épidémie à Covid-19. //www.srlf.org.LAT-REA-ARS-COVID. Accessed 19 Mar 2020.
Vergano M, Bertolini G, Giannini A, Gristina G, Livigni S, Mistraletti G, Petrini F. Clinical ethics recommendations for the allocations of intensive care treatments, in exceptional, resource-limited circumstances. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):165. //doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-02891-w.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bein T, Weber-Carstens S, Apfelbacher C. Long-term outcome after the acute respiratory distress syndrome: different from general critical illness? Curr Opin Crit Care. 2018;24(1):35–40.
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Silva DS, Gibson JL, Robertson A, Bensimon CM, Sahni S, Maunula L, et al. Priority setting of ICU resources in an influenza pandemic: a qualitative study of the Canadian public’s perspectives. BMC Public Health. 2012;26(12):241.
Article Google Scholar
Adams LM, Melius J. Prepared to respond? Exploring Personal disaster preparedness and nursing staff response to disasters. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020;7:1–6.
Article Google Scholar
Pronovost PJ, Angus DC, Dorman T, Robinson KA, Dremsizov TT, Young TL. Physician staffing patterns and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients: a systematic review. JAMA. 2002;288(17):2151.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
ESICM Working Group on Quality Improvement, Valentin A, Ferdinande P. Recommendations on basic requirements for intensive care units: structural and organizational aspects. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(10):1575–87.
Article Google Scholar
Truog RD, Mitchell C, Daley GQ. The toughest triage—allocating ventilators in a pandemic. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1973–5.
CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
Matheny Antommaria AH, Gibb TS, McGuire AL, Wolpe PR, Wynia MK, Applewhite MK, et al. Ventilator triage policies during the COVID-19 pandemic at U.S. Hospitals associated with members of the association of bioethics program directors. Ann Intern Med. 2020. //doi.org/10.7326/M20-1738.
Article PubMed Central Google Scholar
Laurent A, Bonnet M, Capellier G, Aslanian P, Hebert P. Emotional impact of end-of-life decisions on professional relationships in the ICU: an obstacle to collegiality? Crit Care Med. 2017;45(12):2023–30.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
Rawal G, Yadav S, Kumar R. Post-intensive Care syndrome: an overview. J Transl Intern Med. 2017;5(2):90–2.
Article Google Scholar
Nelson JE, Puntillo KA, Pronovost PJ, Walker AS, McAdam JL, Ilaoa D, et al. In their own words: patients and families define high-quality palliative care in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(3):808–18.
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Nelson JE, Mulkerin CM, Adams LL, Pronovost PJ. Improving comfort and communication in the ICU: a practical new tool for palliative care performance measurement and feedback. Qual Saf Health Care. 2006;15(4):264–71.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Davidson JE, Jones C, Bienvenu OJ. Family response to critical illness: postintensive care syndrome–family. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(2):618–24.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
Azoulay E, Pochard F, Kentish-Barnes N, Chevret S, Aboab J, Adrie C, et al. Risk of post-traumatic stress symptoms in family members of intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171(9):987–94.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
Gries CJ, Engelberg RA, Kross EK, Zatzick D, Nielsen EL, Downey L, et al. Predictors of symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression in family members after patient death in the ICU. Chest. 2010;137(2):280–7.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
Kentish-Barnes N, Chaize M, Seegers V, Legriel S, Cariou A, Jaber S, et al. Complicated grief after death of a relative in the intensive care unit. Eur Respir J. 2015;45(5):1341–52.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
Newyorktime. //www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/health/coronavirus-hospital-visit-ban.html. Accessed 21 May 2020
Hart JL, Turnbull AE, Oppenheim IM, Courtright KR. Family-centered care during the COVID-19 Era. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2020. //doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.017.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Azoulay E, Kentish-Barnes N. A 5-point strategy for improved connection with relatives of critically ill patients with COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med. 2020. //doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30223-X.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
VitalTalk. COVID-ready communication skills: a playbook of VitalTalk tips. 2020. //www.vitaltalk.org/guides/covid-19-communication-skills/.
Curtis JR, Kross EK, Stapleton RD. The importance of addressing advance care planning and decisions about do-not-resuscitate orders during novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA. 2020;323:1771–2.
CAS Google Scholar
Wakam GK, Montgomery JR, Biesterveld BE, Brown CS. Not dying alone—modern compassionate care in the Covid-19 pandemic. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:e88. //doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2007781.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Wallace CL, Wladkowski SP, Gibson A, White P. Grief during the COVID-19 pandemic: considerations for palliative care providers. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2020. //doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.012.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
El-Hage W, Hingray C, Lemogne C, Yrondi A, Brunault P, Bienvenu T, et al. Les professionnels de santé face à la pandémie de la maladie à coronavirus (COVID-19): quels risques pour leur santé mentale? L’Encéphale. 2020. //doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2020.04.008.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yin X, Zeng L. A study on the psychological needs of nurses caring for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 from the perspective of the existence, relatedness, and growth theory. Int J Nurs Sci. 2020;7:157–60.
PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bansal P, Bingemann TA, Greenhawt M, Mosnaim G, Nanda A, Oppenheimer J, et al. Clinician wellness during the COVID-19 pandemic: extraordinary times and unusual challenges for the allergist/immunologist. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8:1781–1790.e3.
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Chen Q, Liang M, Li Y, Guo J, Fei D, Wang L, et al. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4):e15–6.
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Tan BYQ, Chew NWS, Lee GKH, Jing M, Goh Y, Yeo LLL, et al. Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers in singapore. Ann Intern Med. 2020. //doi.org/10.7326/M20-1083.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lu W, Wang H, Lin Y, Li L. Psychological status of medical workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112936.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Liu S, Yang L, Zhang C, Xiang Y-T, Liu Z, Hu S, et al. Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4):e17–8.
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, Yang J, Wang Y, Li R, et al. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: a cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun. Brain Behav Immun. 2020. //doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. Social capital and sleep quality in individuals who self-isolated for 14 days during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in January 2020 in China. Med Sci Monit Int Med J Exp Clin Res. 2020;20(26):e923921.
Google Scholar
Bauchner H, Easley TJ, On Behalf of the Entire editorial and publishing staff of JAMA and the JAMA Network. Health care heroes of the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA. 2020. //doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6197.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Moss M, Good VS, Gozal D, Kleinpell R, Sessler CN. An official critical care societies collaborative statement—burnout syndrome in critical care health-care professionals. Chest. 2016;150(1):17–26.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
Loutfy MR, Wallington T, Rutledge T, Mederski B, Rose K, Kwolek S, et al. Hospital preparedness and SARS. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(5):771–6.
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
McAlonan GM, Lee AM, Cheung V, Cheung C, Tsang KWT, Sham PC, et al. Immediate and sustained psychological impact of an emerging infectious disease outbreak on health care workers. Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatr. 2007;52(4):241–7.
Article Google Scholar
Xiang Y-T, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(3):228–9.
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Morganstein JC. Annals for hospitalists inpatient notes—preparing for battle: how hospitalists can manage the stress of COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(10):HO2–3.
PubMed Article Google Scholar
Schwartz J, King C-C, Yen M-Y. Protecting healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak: lessons From taiwan’s severe acute respiratory syndrome response. Clin Infect Dis. 2020. //doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa255/5804239.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Page 2
Skip to main content
From: Ethical dilemmas due to the Covid-19 pandemic
Prioritize those most likely to survive the current illness |
Prioritize those most likely to live the longest after recovery (considering comorbid conditions) |
Prioritize those who have lived fewer life stages |
Prioritize those who have a particular narrow social utility to others in a pandemic |
Prioritize the worst off (sickest or youngest) |
First come, first served |
Lottery |