Cara menggunakan python enum with spaces

Enumerated (enum) types are data types that comprise a static, ordered set of values. They are equivalent to the enum types supported in a number of programming languages. An example of an enum type might be the days of the week, or a set of status values for a piece of data.

8.7.1. Declaration of Enumerated Types

Enum types are created using the CREATE TYPE command, for example:

CREATE TYPE mood AS ENUM ('sad', 'ok', 'happy');

Once created, the enum type can be used in table and function definitions much like any other type:

CREATE TYPE mood AS ENUM ('sad', 'ok', 'happy');
CREATE TABLE person (
    name text,
    current_mood mood
);
INSERT INTO person VALUES ('Moe', 'happy');
SELECT * FROM person WHERE current_mood = 'happy';
 name | current_mood 
------+--------------
 Moe  | happy
(1 row)

8.7.2. Ordering

The ordering of the values in an enum type is the order in which the values were listed when the type was created. All standard comparison operators and related aggregate functions are supported for enums. For example:

INSERT INTO person VALUES ('Larry', 'sad');
INSERT INTO person VALUES ('Curly', 'ok');
SELECT * FROM person WHERE current_mood > 'sad';
 name  | current_mood 
-------+--------------
 Moe   | happy
 Curly | ok
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM person WHERE current_mood > 'sad' ORDER BY current_mood;
 name  | current_mood 
-------+--------------
 Curly | ok
 Moe   | happy
(2 rows)

SELECT name
FROM person
WHERE current_mood = (SELECT MIN(current_mood) FROM person);
 name  
-------
 Larry
(1 row)

8.7.3. Type Safety

Each enumerated data type is separate and cannot be compared with other enumerated types. See this example:

CREATE TYPE happiness AS ENUM ('happy', 'very happy', 'ecstatic');
CREATE TABLE holidays (
    num_weeks integer,
    happiness happiness
);
INSERT INTO holidays(num_weeks,happiness) VALUES (4, 'happy');
INSERT INTO holidays(num_weeks,happiness) VALUES (6, 'very happy');
INSERT INTO holidays(num_weeks,happiness) VALUES (8, 'ecstatic');
INSERT INTO holidays(num_weeks,happiness) VALUES (2, 'sad');
ERROR:  invalid input value for enum happiness: "sad"
SELECT person.name, holidays.num_weeks FROM person, holidays
  WHERE person.current_mood = holidays.happiness;
ERROR:  operator does not exist: mood = happiness

If you really need to do something like that, you can either write a custom operator or add explicit casts to your query:

SELECT person.name, holidays.num_weeks FROM person, holidays
  WHERE person.current_mood::text = holidays.happiness::text;
 name | num_weeks 
------+-----------
 Moe  |         4
(1 row)

8.7.4. Implementation Details

Enum labels are case sensitive, so 'happy' is not the same as 'HAPPY'. White space in the labels is significant too.

Although enum types are primarily intended for static sets of values, there is support for adding new values to an existing enum type, and for renaming values (see ALTER TYPE). Existing values cannot be removed from an enum type, nor can the sort ordering of such values be changed, short of dropping and re-creating the enum type.

An enum value occupies four bytes on disk. The length of an enum value's textual label is limited by the NAMEDATALEN setting compiled into PostgreSQL; in standard builds this means at most 63 bytes.

The translations from internal enum values to textual labels are kept in the system catalog pg_enum. Querying this catalog directly can be useful.

Enum was introduced in Java 1.5 as a new type whose fields consists of a fixed set of constants. For example, we can create directions as Java Enum with fixed fields as EAST, WEST, NORTH, and SOUTH.

Java Enum

Java Enum Example

Java enum keyword is used to create an enum type. Let’s have a look at the java enum example program.

package com.journaldev.enums;

public enum ThreadStates {
	START,
	RUNNING,
	WAITING,
	DEAD;
}

In above example, ThreadStates is the enum with fixed constants fields START, RUNNING, WAITING and DEAD.

Java Enum vs Constants

Now let’s see how java enum is better than normal constants fields in Java classes. Let’s create a similar constants class in java.

package com.journaldev.enums;

public class ThreadStatesConstant {
	public static final int START = 1;
	public static final int WAITING = 2;
	public static final int RUNNING = 3;
	public static final int DEAD = 4;
}

Now let’s see how both enum and constants are used in a java program:

/**
* This method shows the benefit of using Enum over Constants
*/
private static void benefitsOfEnumOverConstants() {
	//Enum values are fixed
	simpleEnumExample(ThreadStates.START);
	simpleEnumExample(ThreadStates.WAITING);
	simpleEnumExample(ThreadStates.RUNNING);
	simpleEnumExample(ThreadStates.DEAD);
	simpleEnumExample(null);
		
	simpleConstantsExample(1);
	simpleConstantsExample(2);
	simpleConstantsExample(3);
	simpleConstantsExample(4);
	//we can pass any int constant
	simpleConstantsExample(5);
}

private static void simpleEnumExample(ThreadStates th) {
	if(th == ThreadStates.START) System.out.println("Thread started");
	else if (th == ThreadStates.WAITING) System.out.println("Thread is waiting");
	else if (th == ThreadStates.RUNNING) System.out.println("Thread is running");
	else System.out.println("Thread is dead");
}
	
private static void simpleConstantsExample(int i) {
	if(i == ThreadStatesConstant.START) System.out.println("Thread started");
	else if (i == ThreadStatesConstant.WAITING) System.out.println("Thread is waiting");
	else if (i == ThreadStatesConstant.RUNNING) System.out.println("Thread is running");
	else System.out.println("Thread is dead");
}

If we look at the above example, we have two risks with using constants that are solved by the enum.

1. We can pass any int constant to the simpleConstantsExample method but we can pass only fixed values to simpleEnumExample, so it provides type safety.
2. We can change the int constants value in ThreadStatesConstant class but the above program will not throw any exception. Our program might not work as expected but if we change the enum constants, we will get compile time error that removes any possibility of runtime issues.

Java Enum Methods

Now let’s see more features of java enum with an example.

package com.journaldev.enums;

import java.io.Closeable;
import java.io.IOException;

/**
 * This Enum example shows all the things we can do with Enum types
 *
 */
public enum ThreadStatesEnum implements Closeable{
	START(1){
		@Override
		public String toString(){
			return "START implementation. Priority="+getPriority();
		}

		@Override
		public String getDetail() {
			return "START";
		}
	},
	RUNNING(2){
		@Override
		public String getDetail() {
			return "RUNNING";
		}
	},
	WAITING(3){
		@Override
		public String getDetail() {
			return "WAITING";
		}
	},
	DEAD(4){
		@Override
		public String getDetail() {
			return "DEAD";
		}
	};
	
	private int priority;
	
	public abstract String getDetail();
	//Enum constructors should always be private.
	private ThreadStatesEnum(int i){
		priority = i;
	}
	
	//Enum can have methods
	public int getPriority(){
		return this.priority;
	}
	
	public void setPriority(int p){
		this.priority = p;
	}
	
	//Enum can override functions
	@Override
	public String toString(){
		return "Default ThreadStatesConstructors implementation. Priority="+getPriority();
	}

	@Override
	public void close() throws IOException {
		System.out.println("Close of Enum");
	}
}

Java Enum Important Points

Below are some of the important points for Enums in Java.

1. All java enum implicitly extends java.lang.Enum class that extends Object class and implements Serializable and Comparable interfaces. So we can’t extend any class in enum.
2. Since enum is a keyword, we can’t end package name with it, for example com.journaldev.enum is not a valid package name.
3. Enum can implement interfaces. As in above enum example, it’s implementing Closeable interface.
4. Enum constructors are always private.
5. We can’t create instance of enum using new operator.
6. We can declare abstract methods in java enum, then all the enum fields must implement the abstract method. In above example getDetail() is the abstract method and all the enum fields have implemented it.
7. We can define a method in enum and enum fields can override them too. For example, toString() method is defined in enum and enum field START has overridden it.
8. Java enum fields has namespace, we can use enum field only with class name like ThreadStates.START
9. Enums can be used in switch statement, we will see it in action in the later part of this tutorial.
10. We can extend existing enum without breaking any existing functionality. For example, we can add a new field NEW in ThreadStates enum without impacting any existing functionality.
11. Since enum fields are constants, java best practice is to write them in block letters and underscore for spaces. For example EAST, WEST, EAST_DIRECTION etc.
12. Enum constants are implicitly static and final
13. Enum constants are final but it’s variable can still be changed. For example, we can use setPriority() method to change the priority of enum constants. We will see it in usage in below example.
14. Since enum constants are final, we can safely compare them using “==” and equals() methods. Both will have the same result.

Java EnumSet, EnumMap, valueOf()

Now we know most of the features of Enum, let’s have a look at Java Enum example program. Then we will learn some more features of an enum.

package com.journaldev.enums;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.EnumMap;
import java.util.EnumSet;
import java.util.Set;

public class JavaEnumExamples {

	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
				
		usingEnumMethods();
		
		usingEnumValueOf();
		
		usingEnumValues();
		
		usingEnumInSwitch(ThreadStatesEnum.START);
		usingEnumInSwitch(ThreadStatesEnum.DEAD);
		
		usingEnumMap();
		
		usingEnumSet();
		
	}

	private static void usingEnumSet() {
		EnumSet enumSet = EnumSet.allOf(ThreadStatesEnum.class);
		for(ThreadStatesEnum tsenum : enumSet){
			System.out.println("Using EnumSet, priority = "+tsenum.getPriority());
		}
	}

	private static void usingEnumMap() {
		EnumMap<ThreadStatesEnum, String> enumMap = new EnumMap<ThreadStatesEnum,String>(ThreadStatesEnum.class);
		enumMap.put(ThreadStatesEnum.START, "Thread is started");
		enumMap.put(ThreadStatesEnum.RUNNING, "Thread is running");
		enumMap.put(ThreadStatesEnum.WAITING, "Thread is waiting");
		enumMap.put(ThreadStatesEnum.DEAD, "Thread is dead");
		
		Set keySet = enumMap.keySet();
		for(ThreadStatesEnum key : keySet){
			System.out.println("key="+key.toString()+":: value="+enumMap.get(key));
		}
		
	}

	private static void usingEnumInSwitch(ThreadStatesEnum th) {
		switch (th){
		case START:
			System.out.println("START thread");
			break;
		case WAITING:
			System.out.println("WAITING thread");
			break;
		case RUNNING:
			System.out.println("RUNNING thread");
			break;
		case DEAD:
			System.out.println("DEAD thread");
		}
	}

	private static void usingEnumValues() {
		ThreadStatesEnum[] thArray = ThreadStatesEnum.values();
		
		for(ThreadStatesEnum th : thArray){
			System.out.println(th.toString() + "::priority="+th.getPriority());
		}
	}

	private static void usingEnumValueOf() {
		ThreadStatesEnum th = Enum.valueOf(ThreadStatesEnum.class, "START");
		System.out.println("th priority="+th.getPriority());
	}

	private static void usingEnumMethods() throws IOException {
		ThreadStatesEnum thc = ThreadStatesEnum.DEAD;
		System.out.println("priority is:"+thc.getPriority());
		
		thc = ThreadStatesEnum.DEAD;
		System.out.println("Using overriden method."+thc.toString());
		
		thc = ThreadStatesEnum.START;
		System.out.println("Using overriden method."+thc.toString());
		thc.setPriority(10);
		System.out.println("Enum Constant variable changed priority value="+thc.getPriority());
		thc.close();
	}

}

Before explaining other important features of enum, let’s see the output of the above program.

priority is:4
Using overriden method.Default ThreadStatesConstructors implementation. Priority=4
Using overriden method.START implementation. Priority=1
Enum Constant variable changed priority value=10
Close of Enum
th priority=10
START implementation. Priority=10::priority=10
Default ThreadStatesConstructors implementation. Priority=2::priority=2
Default ThreadStatesConstructors implementation. Priority=3::priority=3
Default ThreadStatesConstructors implementation. Priority=4::priority=4
START thread
DEAD thread
key=START:: value=Thread is started
key=RUNNING:: value=Thread is running
key=WAITING:: value=Thread is waiting
key=DEAD:: value=Thread is dead
Using EnumSet, priority = 10
Using EnumSet, priority = 2
Using EnumSet, priority = 3
Using EnumSet, priority = 4

Important Points

1. The usingEnumMethods() methods shows how to create an enum object and how we can use its methods. It’s also showing use of setPriority(int i) method to change the variable of enum.
2. usingEnumValueOf() shows the usage of java.util.Enum valueOf(enumType, name) through which we can create an enum object from String. It throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified enum type has no constant with the specified name, or the specified class object does not represent an enum type. It also throws NullPointerException if any of the arguments are null.
3. usingEnumValues() method shows the usage of values() method that returns an array containing all of the values of the enum in the order they are declared. Note that this method is automatically generated by java compiler for every enum. You won’t find values() implementation in java.util.Enum class.
4. The usingEnumInSwitch() method shows how to use enum constants in switch case.
5. usingEnumMap() method shows use of java.util.EnumMap, which is introduced in Java 1.5 Collections Framework. EnumMap is Map implementation for use with enum type keys. All of the keys in an enum map must come from a single enum type that is specified, explicitly or implicitly, when the map is created. We can’t use null as key for EnumMap and EnumMap is not synchronized.
6. usingEnumSet() method shows use of java.util.EnumSet, which is Set implementation for use with enum types. All of the elements in an enum set must come from a single enum type that is specified, explicitly or implicitly, when the set is created. EnumSet is not synchronized and null elements are not allowed. It also provides some useful methods like copyOf(Collection<E> c), of(E first, E... rest) and complementOf(EnumSet<E> s).

You can checkout all the examples from our GitHub Repository.

Reference: Oracle Doc